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Statistical Methods for Food Science
Statistical Methods for Food Science: Introductory procedures for the food practitioner John A. Bower
© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-16764-2
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To Jonathan and Cassandra
and to Pushka-Latitia with love
‘‘Everything is on a scale ...’’
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Statistical Methods for Food Science
Introductory procedures for the food practitioner
By
JohnA.Bower
LecturerandCourseLeader(BScFoodStudies)
QueenMargaretUniversity,Edinburgh,UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2009
(cid:2)C 2009BlackwellPublishingLtd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Bower,JohnA.,MSc.
Statisticalmethodsforfoodscience:introductoryproceduresforthefoodpractitioner/by
JohnA.Bower.–1sted.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-6764-2(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Food–Research–Statisticalmethods.
I.Title.
TX367.B6882009
664(cid:3).0072–dc22
2008034869
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Setin10/13ptTimesNewRomanbyAptara(cid:2)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India
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1 2009
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
PartI Introductionandbasics
Chapter1 Basicsandterminology 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Whatthebookwillcover 4
1.3 Theimportanceofstatistics 6
1.4 Applicationsofstatisticalproceduresinfoodscience 6
1.5 Focusandterminology 9
References 12
Softwaresourcesandlinks 12
Chapter2 Thenatureofdataandtheircollection 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Thenatureofdataandtheircollection 14
2.3 Collectionofdataandsampling 25
2.4 Populations 35
References 41
Chapter3 Descriptivestatistics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Tabularandgraphicaldisplays 44
3.3 Descriptivestatisticmeasures 57
3.4 Measurementuncertainty 67
3.5 Determinationofpopulationnatureandvariancehomogeneity 83
References 86
Chapter4 Analysisofdifferences–significancetesting 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Significance(hypothesis)testing 89
4.3 Assumptionsofsignificancetests 99
4.4 Stagesinasignificancetest 100
4.5 Selectionofsignificancetests 105
4.6 Parametricornon-parametrictests 109
References 109
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vi Contents
Chapter5 Typesofsignificancetest 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Generalpoints 111
5.3 Significancetestsfornominaldata(non-parametric) 112
5.4 Significancetestsforordinaldata(non-parametric) 118
5.5 Significancetestsforintervalandratiodata(parametric) 126
References 135
Chapter6 Association,correlationandregression 137
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Association 138
6.3 Correlation 140
6.4 Regression 144
References 149
Chapter7 Experimentaldesign 150
7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 Terminologyandgeneralprocedure 150
7.3 Sourcesofexperimentalerroranditsreduction 154
7.4 Typesofdesign 159
7.5 Analysismethodsandissues 168
7.6 Applicabilityofdesigns 170
References 171
PartII Applications
Chapter8 Sensoryandconsumerdata 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Thequalityandnatureofsensoryandconsumerdata 174
8.3 Experimentaldesignissues 176
8.4 Consumerdata(sensoryandsurvey) 176
8.5 Trainedpanelsensorydata 192
8.6 Analysisofrelationships 208
References 209
Chapter9 Instrumentaldata 211
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Qualityandnatureofinstrumentaldata 211
9.3 Samplingandreplication 214
9.4 Experimentaldesignissues 216
9.5 Statisticalanalysisofinstrumentaldata 218
9.6 Chemicalanalysisapplications 220
9.7 Analysisofrelationships 235
References 235
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Contents vii
Chapter10 Foodproductformulation 238
10.1 Introduction 238
10.2 Designapplicationinfoodproductdevelopment 238
10.3 Singleingredienteffects 240
10.4 Twoormoreingredients 244
10.5 Screeningofmanyingredients 249
10.6 Formulationbyconstraints 255
References 260
Chapter11 Statisticalqualitycontrol 262
11.1 Introduction 262
11.2 Typesofstatisticalqualitycontrol 263
11.3 Samplingprocedures 264
11.4 Controlcharts 265
11.5 Acceptancesampling 279
References 283
Chapter12 Multivariateapplications 284
12.1 Introduction 284
12.2 Multivariatemethodsandtheircharacteristics 284
12.3 Multivariatemodes 285
12.4 Relationshipofconsumerpreferencewithsensorymeasures 301
References 302
Index 305
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Preface
Therecordingandanalysisoffooddataarebecomingincreasinglysophisticated.
Consequently, the practicing food scientist in industry or at study faces the task
of using and understanding statistical methods. Unfortunately, statistics is often
viewedasadifficultsubjectandtendstobeavoidedbecauseofcomplexityandlack
ofspecificapplicationtothefoodfield.Whilethissituationischangingandthere
ismuchmaterialonmultivariateapplicationsforthemoreadvancedreader,acase
existsforaunivariateapproachforthenon-statistician.Thatistheintentofthis
book.Itprovidesfoodscientists,technologistsandotherfoodpractitionerswitha
sourcetextonaccessiblestatisticalprocedures.Materialforstudentsandworkers
inthefoodlaboratoryisincluded,coveringthefoodanalyst,thesensoryscientist
andtheproductdeveloper.Otherswhoworkinfood-relateddisciplinesinvolving
consumersurveyinvestigationswillalsofindmanysectionsofuse.Emphasisis
on a ‘hands-on’ approach with worked examples using computer software with
theminimumofmathematicalformulae.
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Acknowledgements
I thank all students of food at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh (1985–
2007), for their enthusiasm and contribution to experimentation in the study of
foodscienceandconsumerstudies.Also,thanksareduetomycolleaguesinthe
Department of Consumer Studies, in particular Dr Monika Schro¨der for many
stimulatingconversationsandforherhelpwithreadingandeditingofearlydrafts.
Thepublishersandauthorthankthefollowingforpermissiontoincludeoutput
material:
SPSSgraphsandtablesbySPSS,Inc.
ExcelspreadsheettablesandgraphsbyMicrosoft(cid:2)R Corp.
Design-Expert(R)softwareoutputbyStat-Ease,Inc.
Examples of Minitab output by Minitab Inc.: Portions of the input and output
containedinthispublication/bookareprintedwithpermissionofMinitabInc.All
materialremainstheexclusivepropertyandcopyrightofMinitabInc.Allrights
reserved.
Trademarknotice
Thefollowingaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectivecompa-
nies:
ExcelisatrademarkofMicrosoft(cid:2)R Corporation
Minitab(Minitab(cid:2)R StatisticalSoftwareTM)isatrademarkofMinitabInc.
Design-Expert(R)softwareisatrademarkofStat-EaseInc.,Minneapolis,MN
SPSSisatrademarkofSPSSInc.,Chicago,IL
MegastatisatrademarkofMcGraw-Hill/Irwin,McGraw-HillCompaniesInc.
MINITAB(cid:2)R andallothertrademarksandlogosforthecompany’sproductsandser-
vicesaretheexclusivepropertyofMinitabInc.Allothermarksreferencedremain
thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.Seeminitab.comformoreinformation.
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Part I
Introduction and basics
Statistical Methods for Food Science: Introductory procedures for the food practitioner John A. Bower
© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-16764-2
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