Static and dynamic characterization of tied arch bridges

392 Pages·2017·6.24 MB·English

by  John Edward Finke

SScchhoollaarrss'' MMiinnee
Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations
Fall 2016
SSttaattiicc aanndd ddyynnaammiicc cchhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn ooff ttiieedd aarrcchh bbrriiddggeess
John Edward Finke
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations
Part of the Civil Engineering Commons
DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt:: CCiivviill,, AArrcchhiitteeccttuurraall aanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg
RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn
Finke, John Edward, "Static and dynamic characterization of tied arch bridges" (2016). Doctoral
Dissertations. 2535.
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2535
This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This
work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the
permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES

by

JOHN EDWARD FINKE

A DISSERTATION

Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the

MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

2016

Approved by

Genda Chen, Advisor
Victor Birman
Guirong Yan
Timothy A. Philpot
Mohamed A. ElGawady

iii
ABSTRACT

Tied arch bridges have been designed and constructed since the late 19th century.
With their open vista owing to minimalist features tied arch bridges continue to appeal the
public. Tied arch bridges are both aesthetic and economical alternates to long span bridges
holding a place in the hierarchy of major bridges. They fit in a niche between viable and
economical plate girder spans and short cable stayed bridge spans. There are several
variations of the tied arch with the most common form being those having vertical hangers,
stiff tie girders and slender arch ribs. This tied arch variation is examined in-depth using
three-dimensional finite element analysis to determine both static and dynamic
characteristics. Moreover, contemporary evolutions and innovations are presented as are
comparisons between Load Factor Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design.
Four bridges, all spanning major rivers in the Midwest, are at the core of this study.
The bridges have different spans, widths, arch rise, hanger number and spacing as well as
wind bracing arrangments. The spans for these bridges range from 535 feet to just over 900
feet. The weight of structural steel per square foot of bridge deck ranges from 111 lb/square
f
feet to 184 lb/square feet. The total dead load ranges from 244 lb/square feet to 311
f f
lb/square feet. Though there is an increase in the live load for the current AASHTO LRFD
f
code over those codes used to design these bridges, the older member sections have
acceptable capacity-demand ratios. This is especially true for bridges designed using the
HS20 modified live load. The fundamental frequency for the bridges ranges from 0.282 Hz
to 0.514 Hz with a corresponding mode shape of a full sine wave. Additional frequencies
and mode shapes are reported based on their mass participation. The influence of key
element stiffness on frequency is also examined.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“There is great joy in achieving what others deem impossible”
Major General Leif J. Sverdrup

The path leading to the completion of the doctoral program and this dissertation has
without a doubt proved to be equally as rewarding as the completion. Along this path I have
been privileged to meet many professors who shared their insight and passion for numerous
subjects, making complex topics both practical and immediately useful. Additionally, many
colleagues have selflessly shared their knowledge and enthusiasm for bridge structural
engineering. In recognition of my gratitude to these mentors I will strive to impress upon
others the knowledge and experience I have gained.
No journey progresses well without a proper start and support along the way. As
such I am greatly indebted to my parents for fostering my inquisitive nature and honing my
persistence. Similarly I’m grateful to my sister for passing along her enthusiasm for
computers and knack for programming. I thank my advising committee for their insights and
patience over the years especially those of Dr. Genda Chen and Dr. Victor Birman. Lastly, I
wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of my wife and children who have supported my
efforts, for better or worse, to completion. Paula, Emily, Amy, Kelly and Kyle, you are my
inspiration, I love you and you all have a very special place in my heart and thoughts.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xiii
SECTION
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1
1.2. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 3
2. THE TIED ARCH BRIDGE ........................................................................................ 5
2.1. HISTORICAL POINTS ..................................................................................... 5
2.2. ARCH BRIDGES ............................................................................................... 6
2.3. TIED ARCH BRIDGE ....................................................................................... 9
2.4. TIED ARCH STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR .................................................... 12
2.4.1 Arch Rib. ............................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Tie-Girder. ............................................................................................. 15
2.4.3 Hangers. ................................................................................................ 16
2.4.4 Floor System. ........................................................................................ 16
3. BRIDGE DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................ 21
3.1. JEFFERSON BARRACKS BRIDGE .............................................................. 21
3.2. CITY ISLAND BRIDGE ................................................................................. 23
3.3. PAGE AVENUE BRIDGE .............................................................................. 26
3.4. TENNESSEE RIVER BRIDGE ....................................................................... 29
3.5. BRIDGE MATERIALS ................................................................................... 33
vi
3.5.1 3AASHTO Material Specifications. ..................................................... 34
3.5.2 Arch Bridge Steel Material Specifications. ........................................... 35
3.5.3 ASTM A36 ............................................................................................ 36
3.5.4 ASTM A572 (AASHTO M223) ........................................................... 36
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................................................... 38
4.1. PUBLISHED LITERATURE ........................................................................... 38
4.2. ANALAYSIS OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES ..................................................... 38
4.2.1 Arch Bridges. ........................................................................................ 39
4.2.2 Preliminary Analysis and Hanger Adjustment of Tied Arch Bridges. .. 41
4.2.3 Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges: An Alternative.............................. 42
4.2.4 Theory and Design of Bridges and Structural Steel Designers
Handbook. ............................................................................................. 45
4.2.5 Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures. ................... 46
4.3. BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES .................................. 48
4.3.1 Buckling and Vibration of Arches and Tied Arches. ............................ 49
4.3.2 Buckling Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges. ....................................... 50
4.4. TIED ARCH DESIGN ..................................................................................... 53
4.4.1 Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges: An Alternative.............................. 54
4.4.2 Arch Bridges. ........................................................................................ 54
4.4.3 Structural Steel Designers Handbook. .................................................. 54
4.4.3.1 Rise to span ratio. ................................................................... 55
4.4.3.2 Panel length. ........................................................................... 55
4.4.3.3 Depth to span ratio.................................................................. 55
4.4.3.4 Arch rib cross section. ............................................................ 55
4.4.3.5 Dead load distribution. ........................................................... 55
4.4.3.6 Live load distribution. ............................................................ 55
4.4.3.7 Wind loading. ......................................................................... 55
vii
4.4.3.8 Thermal loading...................................................................... 56
4.4.3.9 Deflections. ............................................................................. 56
4.4.3.10 Dead load to total load ratio. .................................................. 56
4.5. CONSTRUCTION OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES ............................................. 56
4.6. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING .................................................... 57
4.7. PROPRIETARY INFORMATION .................................................................. 68
5. BRIDGE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................... 69
5.1. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 69
5.2. LOAD EFFECTS AND FACTORS ................................................................. 70
5.2.1 Dead Load (DC) .................................................................................... 71
5.2.2 Dead Load (DW) ................................................................................... 72
5.2.3 Live Load (LL) ...................................................................................... 72
5.2.4 Dynamic Impact Allowance (IM) ......................................................... 73
5.2.5 Wind Load on Structure (WS) .............................................................. 74
5.2.6 Earthquake Load (EQ) .......................................................................... 75
5.3. LOAD COMBINATIONS ............................................................................... 76
5.3.1 Strength I ............................................................................................... 76
5.3.2 Strength III ............................................................................................ 76
5.3.3 Extreme Event I..................................................................................... 76
5.3.4 Service I ................................................................................................ 77
5.3.5 Service II ............................................................................................... 77
5.4. LOAD ANALYSIS RESULTS ........................................................................ 77
6. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL DESCRIPTION .......................................................... 81
6.1. GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 81
6.2. BRIDGE MODELS .......................................................................................... 82
6.2.1 Floorsystem ........................................................................................... 85
viii
6.2.2 Hangers ................................................................................................. 86
6.2.3 Bridge Piers ........................................................................................... 86
6.2.4 Bridge Bearings ..................................................................................... 87
6.2.5 Approach Spans .................................................................................... 88
6.2.6 Upper and Lower Bound Stiffness ........................................................ 89
6.3. BRIDGE MODEL CALIBRATION ................................................................ 90
6.4. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL RESULTS ........................................................ 92
7. BRIDGE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................ 97
7.1. GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 97
7.2. DYNAMICS ..................................................................................................... 97
7.3. EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCED BRIDGE DYNAMICS ............................... 98
7.4. WIND INFLUENCED BRIDGE DYNAMICS ............................................. 103
7.5. TRAFFIC INFLUENCED BRIDGE DYNAMICS ........................................ 106
7.6. BRIDGE MODAL ANALYSIS RESULTS ................................................... 107
7.7. HANGER DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS .............................................. 116
7.8. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATIONS ..................... 120
8. CONTEMPORARY TIED ARCH BRIDGES ......................................................... 125
8.1. GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 125
8.2. INTERNAL REDUNDANCY ....................................................................... 125
8.2.1 Internal Redundant Structural Steel .................................................... 126
8.2.2 High Performance Steel ...................................................................... 133
8.2.3 Internal Redundant Concrete Tie Girder. ............................................ 134
8.3. COMPOSITE TIE GIRDERS ........................................................................ 137
8.4. ALTERNATE CABLE ARRANGEMENTS ................................................. 138
8.5. ARCH ARRANGEMENT ............................................................................. 140
9. CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 142
ix
9.1. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION. .............................................................. 142
9.2. SHORED CONSTRUCTION. ....................................................................... 143
9.3. OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION. ...................................................................... 144
9.4. VERTICAL-HORIZONTAL CONSTRUCTION. ......................................... 147
10. RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 149
10.1. STATIC RESULTS ........................................................................................ 149
10.1.1 Static Dead Load Results. ................................................................... 152
10.1.2 Static Live Load Results. .................................................................... 154
10.2. DYNAMIC RESULTS ................................................................................... 158
10.3. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 160
10.4. FUTURE WORK ........................................................................................... 162
APPENDICES
A. ANALYSIS OUTPUT FOR CITY ISLAND BRIDGE ...................................... 164
B. ANALYSIS OUTPUT FOR JEFFERSON BARRACKS BRIDGE ................... 201
C. ANALYSIS OUTPUT FOR PAGE AVENUE BRIDGE .................................... 251
D. ANALYSIS OUTPUT FOR TENNESSEE RIVER BRIDGE ............................ 309
E. DESIGN PLANS FOR CITY ISLAND BRIDGE ............................................... 361
F. DESIGN PLANS FOR PAGE AVENUE BRIDGE ............................................ 363
G. DESIGN PLANS FOR TENNESSEE RIVER BRIDGE .................................... 366
H. DESIGN PLANS FOR JEFFERSON BARRACKS BRIDGE ........................... 368
INDEX ......................................................................................................................................... 371
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 372
VITA ............................................................................................................................................ 377