Table Of ContentStates of Brain and Mind
Readings from the Encyclopedia ofN euroscience
Abnormal States of Brain and Mind
Selected and with an Introduction by J. Allan Hobson
Comparative Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Selected and with an Introduction by Louis N. Irwin
Learning and Memory
Selected and with an Introduction by Richard F. Thompson
Sensory Systems 1: Vision and Visual Systems
Selected and with an Introduction by Richard Held
Sensory Systems II: Senses Other than Vision
Selected and with an Introduction by Jeremy Wolfe
Speech and Language
Selected and with an Introduction by Doreen Kimura
States of Brain and Mind
Selected and with an Introduction by J. Allan Hobson
Readings from the
Encyclopedia ofN euroscience
States of Brain
and Mind
Selected and with an Introduction by
J. Allan Hobson
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
States of brain and mind I selected and with an introduction by J.
Allan Hobson.
p. em.-(Readings from the Encyclopedia of neuroscience)
"A Pro scientia viva title."
Consists of articles from the Encyclopedia of neuroscience I
edited by George Adelman. 1987.
ISBN 978-1-4899-6773-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-6771-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-6771-8
I. Neuropsychology. 2. Psychobiology. 3. Consciousness. 4. Mind
-brain identity theory. I. Hobson, J. Allan, 1933-
11. Encyclopedia of neuroscience. III. Series.
[DNLM: I. Brain--collected works. 2. Mental Processes--collected
works. WL 300 S797]
QP360.S73 1988
152--dcl9
DNLMIDLC
for Library of Congress 88-14540
CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek
Readings from the Encyclopedia of neuroscience.
(A pro scientia viva title)
States of brain and mind. - 1988
States of brain and mind I selected and with an introd. by J.
Allan Hobson.
(Readings from the Encyclopedia of neuroscience)
(A pro scientia viva title)
ISBN 978-1-4899-6773-2
NE: Hobson, John Allan [Hrsg.]
This collection is made up of articles from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, edited by George Adelman,
© 1988 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Birkhäuser Boston, Inc. in 1988
Copyright is not claimed for works by U.S. Government employees.
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ISBN 978-1-4899-6773-2
Series Preface
This series of books, "Readings from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience," consists of
collections of subject-clustered articles taken from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.
The Encyclopedia of Neuroscience is a reference source and compendium of more than
700 articles written by world authorities and covering all of neuroscience. We define
neuroscience broadly as including all those fields that have as a primary goal the under
standing of how the brain and nervous system work to mediate/control behavior, including
the mental behavior of humans.
Those interested in specific aspects of the neurosciences, particular subject areas or
specialties, can of course browse through the alphabetically arranged articles of the En
cyclopedia or use its index to find the topics they wish to read. However, for those
readers-students, specialists, or others-who will find it useful to have collections of
subject-clustered articles from the Encyclopedia, we issue this series of "Readings" in
paperback.
Students in neuroscience, psychology, medicine, biology, the mental health professions,
and other disciplines will find that these collections provide concise summaries of cutting
edge research in rapidly advancing fields. The nonspecialist reader will find them useful
summary statements of important neuroscience areas. Each collection was compiled, and
includes an introductory essay, by an authority in that field.
George Adelman
Editor,
Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
Contents
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Introduction
J. Allan Hobson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Activation, Arousal, Alertness, and Attention
Donald B. Lindsley .............................................................. .
Aggression, Central Control
Richard Bandler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Appetite Regulation and Eating Disorders in Relation to Brain
Neurotransmitter Systems
Sarah F. Leibowitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Artificial Intelligence
Christo! Koch and Tomaso Poggio 8
Attention, Selective Visual
Shimon Ulman and Christo! Koch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
Brain Asymmetry, Functional Aspects
Sandra F. Witelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Circadian Rhythms
Terry L. Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Circadian Rhythms in Man
Jiirgen Aschoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cognition
John C. Marshall ............................ . 23
Computer and Brain
Michael A. Arbib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Consciousness: Conscious, Subjective Experience
Benjamin Libet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Dreaming
J. Allan Hobson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Drives, Biology of
Evelyn Satinoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Emotion, Neural Substrates
Orville A. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Extrapersonal Space, Command and Control
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Hypnosis
Martin T. Orne and David F. Dinges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vm Contents
Imagery, Mental
Stephen M. Kosslyn 44
Information Processing in Nerve Cells
Christo! Koch and Tomaso Poggio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Intelligence
Ronald S. Wilson 49
Maternal Behavior, Brain Control
Michael Numan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Mind, Animal
Donald R. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Mind, the Psychobiology of
William R. Uttal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Motion Sense
Volker Henn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Motivation, Appetitive, Biological Bases
Sebastian P. Grossman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Motivation, Aversive, Biological Bases
Sebastian P. Grossman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Neural Nets, Modeling
Edwin R. Lewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Neuroethology
Detlev W. Ploog 68
Pain, Chemical Transmitter Concepts
Lars Terenius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Pain, Neurophysiological Mechanisms of
Patrick D. Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Placebo Effect
Howard L. Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Pleasure (Sensory)
Michel Cabanac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Psychic Phenomena
Robert G. Jahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Psychoacoustics
Joel D. Knispel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology
Robert W. McCarley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Psychophysics
Trygg Engen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Psychophysics and Neurophysiology
Donald M. MacKay . . . . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . 92
Psychophysiology
Albert F. Ax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Reading
Marcel Kinsbourne 95
Contents ix
Relaxation Response, Physiology, History, and Clinical Applications
Herbert Benson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Reticular Formation, Brain Stem
Arnold B. Scheibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Sex Differences, Human Brain Organization
Doreen Kimura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 02
Sexual Behavior, Brain Control
Gail Richmond and Lynwood Clemens 104
Sleep
1. Allan Hobson 106
Sleep, Functional Theories of
J. Allan Hobson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Sleep States and Somatomotor Activity
Michael H. Chase and Francisco R. Morales 112
Stress, Neurochemistry of
Adrian J. Dunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Taste, Psychophysics
Linda M. Bartoshuk 119
Thalamus
Mircea Steriade 120
Time Perception
Ernst Poppet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Visual Perception
Jeremy M. Wolfe 126
Voluntary Activity, Readiness Potential, and Motor Program
Hails H. Kornhuber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Introduction
The explosive growth of neuroscience within the past half-century has stimulated renewed
interest in the age-old question of the relationship of brain and mind. Some contemporary
neuroscientists are actually so optimistic as to declare the so-called mind-body problem
now solved. For these bold thinkers mind and brain are inextricably unified, which thereby
justifies the use of Patricia Churchland's hybrid term "mind-brain" to convey this monistic
vision. Giving primacy to structure, I myself prefer "brain-mind."
Distinguishing this current euphoria from past enthusiasms are two solid achievements
of modem neuroscience. One is the downward or reductionistic extension of the field to
the cellular and molecular level, providing unification with the mainstream of modem
biology. The other is the upward or holistic extension of the field to specific and quantitative
mathematical models of cognitive processes, providing a link to artificial intelligence and
the cutting edge of information science. Even if this deepening and broadening does not
signal unity of the mind-brain it unquestionably denotes a unified and powerful bimodal
assault on the problem.
With its interest in the unobservable but undeniable subjective experience of mind,
psychology has taken on a new life as a result of these developments. Now conscious
experience, so long relegated to the positivistic ash-heap by behaviorists and philosophers
alike, invites attention anew under the rubric of cognitive neuroscience. Detailed de
scriptions-and even measurements-of those subjective phenomema that fascinated such
pioneers as Wilhelm Wundt and William James are providing the data necessary to establish
the similarity of form between the mental and neuronal domains of discourse that is a
necessary step on the road to monism.
The present set of readings was selected from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience to
reflect trends that contribute to this integrative agenda. Those readings which most directly
reveal the integrative theme deal with what are called states of the brain and mind. Some
states-like sleep and waking-are global, while others-like hypnosis and attention
are parts of the global states. While many of the topics discussed (like cognition or visual
perception) are not properly regarded as states, they are included because these functions
are so markedly state dependent.
The state concept was most explicitly and quantitatively applied to neuroscience by
W.R. Ashby in his 1952 book, Design for a Brain. For Ashby the state of a system was
the set of numerical values of all of its elements at any instant in time. Far short of
Ashby's ideal, the practical scientist settles for assessing a selected constellation of neuronal
or mental state variables whose values remain relatively constant over time. Thus states
emerge as functional organizations with a strong temporal aspect and their control systems
are thus properly construed as clocks.
From the perspective provided by the state concept the selected topics in this volume
may be grouped in such a way as to provide a logical order for the reader who may
welcome a reading plan to complement the alphabetical arrangement of topics that is
appropriate to the Encyclopedia. In my scheme, the systems that determine which states
will occur when are placed at the top. Then I consider three categories of state-dependent
phenonema: the lowest and most behavioral level of fixed action pattern (studied by neu
roethologists); the intermediate sensory level (studied by psychophysicists); and the highest
