Table Of ContentSTATES,
NATIONS ty D)
NATIONALISM
From the Middle Ages
to the Present
Hagen
Schulze
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ayyd da By
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States, Nations and Nationalism
laletxan Schulze
This book describes the twin evolutions of nation
and state from the middle ages to the present and
links them to stages in European cultural history.
The author contrasts the development of the state in
different parts of Europe and shows how the concept
merged with the idea of the nation in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries. The modern idea of the
nation state, he argues, is rooted in the fundamental
changes that took place during the industrial,
political and cultural evolutions of this period.
Alongside the history of the nation, Hagen
Schulze charts successive stages in the development
of nationalism, offering an explanation of why it was
that in the decades preceeding the twentieth century
the concept of the nation began to take hold of the
people at large. The identification of nation with
state and the definition of its internal and external
enemies laid the ground for the extreme developments
of the twentieth century.
In the final part of the book the author traces the
attempts in Western Europe since 1945 to come to
terms with nationalism, and examines the
implications of the rise of nationalism in Central and
Eastern Europe. Peace in Europe is threatened, he
suggests, not only by the resurgence of national
interests in both East and West but also by the
attempts to impose unity on the many unique ways of
life that have evolved in the nations of Europe.
States, Nations and Nationalism
[sz
THE MAKING OF EUROPE
Series Editor: Jacques Le Goff
The Making of Europe series is the result of a unique collaboration between
five European publishers — Beck in Germany, Blackwell in Great Britain and
the United States, Critica in Spain, Laterza in Italy and le Seuil in France. Each —
book will be published in all five languages. The scope of the series is broad,
encompassing the history of ideas as well as societies, nations and states, to
produce informative, readable, and provocative treatments of central themes
in the history of the European peoples and their cultures.
Published
The European City Migration and Culture
Leonardo Benevolo Klaus Bade
The Rise of Western Christendom: Women in European History
Triumph and Diversity 200-1000 AD Gisela Bock
Peter Brown
The European Renaissance
The Search for the Perfect Language Peter Burke
Umberto Eco
Europe and Islam
The Distorted Past: Franco Cardini
A Reinterpretation of Europe
Literacy in European History
Josep Fontana
Roger Chartier
The Origins of European
Nature and Culture
Individualism
Robert Delort
Aaron Gurevich
The Family in European History
* The Enlightenment
Jack Goody
Ulrich Im Hof
The Law in European History
Europe and the Sea
Peter Landau
Michel Mollat du Jourdin
The University in European History
The Culture of Food
Jacques Le Goff
Massimo Montanari
The Population of Europe
The Peasantry of Europe
Massimo Livi-Bacci
Werner Rosener
The First European Revolution,
The European Revolutions,
900-1200
1492-1992
R. I. Moore
Charles Tilly
The Frontier in European History
In preparation Krzysztof Pomian
Democracy in European History The Birth of Modern Science
Maurice Agulhon Paolo Rossi
States, Nations and Nationalism
From the Middle Ages to the Present
Hagen Schulze
Translated from the German by
William E. Yuill
BLACKWELL
TP bis hens
Copyright © Hagen Schulze 1994
English translation copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1996
First published in 1996 by Blackwell Publishers Limited and by four other
publishers: © 1994 Beck, Munich (German); © 1996 Critica, Barcelona (Spanish);
© 1996 Editions du Seuil, Paris (French); © Laterza, Rome and Bari (Italian).
First published 1996
2046 (8) 10987 5S 37 1
Blackwell Publishers Inc.
238 Main Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
USA
Blackwell Publishers Ltd
108 Cowley Road
Oxford OX4 1JF
: UK
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes
of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired
out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of
binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a
similar condition including this condition being imposed on
the subsequent purchaser.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schulze, Hagen.
[Staat und Nation in der europaischen Geschichte. English]
Nations, States and nationalism: from the Middle Ages to the
present / Hagen Schulz; translated from the German by W.E. Yuill.
p. cm. — (The making of Europe)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-631-19633-1 (acid-free paper)
1. State, The—History. I. Title. II. Series.
JC131.83813 1996
940.2-dc20 95-36139
CIP
Typeset in 11% on 13pt Sabon by Grahame & Grahame Editorial, Brighton
Printed in Great Britain by T. J. Press Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Series Editor’s Preface Vii
Preface
PART I
States
The Advent of the Modern State
Christianity and Reasons of State
Leviathan
The Constitutional State and the Rule of Law
BRwWNR
PART II
Nations
What is the ‘Nation’? Bs)
Nation States and National Cultures 114
The Pivotal Period 137.
The Invention of the ‘People’s Nation’ 152
The ‘People’s Nations’ in Reality LS
\MC©N0 O NIN
V
vi Contents
PART III
Nation States
10 The Revolutionary Nation State 1815-1871 197
11 The Imperialist Nation State 1871-1914
12 The Total Nation State 1914-1945 265
PART IV
Nations, States and Europe
13 Nations, States and Europe 305
Notes 327
Bibliography
Index 351
Series Editor’s Preface
Europe is in the making. It is founded on great hopes. But
these hopes will not be realized if we neglect history. A Europe
lacking history would have neither a past nor a future. For
today stems from yesterday, and tomorrow comes from all that
has gone before. What is past, however, ought not to paralyse
the future, but enable it, whatever it may choose to preserve,
to assume new and progressive shape. Our European continent,
situated between the Atlantic, Asia and Africa, has long existed
as shown on our maps and as it has been shaped by history ever
since the Greeks gave it the name it still bears today. The future
must be built on this heritage which has enabled Europe since
classical — indeed since prehistoric — times, precisely because of
its unity in diversity, to develop such a wealth of culture and
such extraordinary creative power.
The series, The Making of Europe, which has been launched
as a joint venture by five publishers of different nationalities
and languages, is designed to throw light on the shaping of
Europe and on its not inconsiderable potential for successful
integration, without disguising the problems it has inherited.
The series does not mean to conceal the fact that this continent,
in its striving for unity, has had to overcome so many conflicts,
so much that divides the nations, so much that is contradictory;
for anyone who embarks on the European enterprise must be
familiar with the continent’s past and fully aware of its future
Vil
Vill Series Editor’s Preface
prospects. This explains the ‘active’ title of our series. It does
not seem to us, in fact, that the time is yet ripe for the
compiling of a definitive universal history of Europe. We wish
to encompass our subject in a series of essays by the most
able contemporary historians, irrespective of whether they are
Europeans or non-Europeans, whether they are established —
authorities or as yet scarcely known. They will deal with the
essential themes of European history in the fields of economics,
politics, sociology, religion and culture, drawing on the long
tradition of historical writing founded by Herodotus, but also
on the new ideas that have fundamentally changed the writing
of history in the twentieth century, and especially during the
last decades. They will endeavour to make the issues clear, so
that they may be understood by all.
Our aim is to provide those involved in the building and
development of Europe, as well as interested individuals
throughout the world, with evidence and material to answer
the fundamental questions: Who are we? Where did we come
from? Where are we going?
Jacques Le Goff
