Table Of ContentState of the Adivasis in Odisha 2014
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State of the Adivasis in Odisha 2014
A Human Development Analysis
Harishwar Dayal
Faria Noamani
Debraj Bagchi
Jaykishan Godsora
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Copyright © Skillshare International India, 2014
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First published in 2014 by
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The SAGE Team: Rudra Narayan, Sushant Nailwal, Rajinder Kaur, Neeru Handa and Thomas Mathew
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Contents
List of Tables, Figures, Boxes, Annexures , M aps and A bbreviations vii
Foreword by Cliff Allum xiii
Preface by Dr N. C. Saxena xv
Acknowledgements by Harishwar Dayal xvii
Executive Summary xxi
1. Introduction and overview 1
2. Th e Adivasis: Th eir land and their life 7
3. Health status 19
4. Education level 29
5. Employment and livelihood patterns of Adivasis in Odisha 35
6. Poverty among the tribals 57
7. Development induced displacement of the Adivasis 63
8. Deprivation, vulnerability and gender inequality of the tribals 73
9. Development initiatives for Adivasis of Odisha 81
10. Conclusions and the way ahead 87
Annexures 91
Bibliography 97
Index 99
About the Research Team 103
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List of Tables, Figures, Boxes,
Annexures, Maps and Abbreviations
Tables
1.1 Per Capita-Net State Domestic Product (PC-NSDP) at current prices of Odisha and India 2
1.2 Growth rate of GSDP for major Indian states 2
1.3 Percentage of population below poverty line 3
1.4 Districts, blocks and villages selected for collection of primary data 4
2.1 Socio-cultural classifi cation of STs in Odisha 7
2.2 Linguistic classifi cation of tribes in Odisha 8
2.3 Techno-economic classifi cation of STs in Odisha 8
2.4 Scheduled area details (districts fully covered as scheduled areas) 8
2.5 Scheduled areas (districts partially covered as scheduled areas) 9
2.6 Distribution of STs in the geo-physical zones 10
2.7 Proportion of ST population of Odisha 10
2.8 High ST-concentrated districts 11
2.9 Low ST-concentrated districts 11
2.10 Sex ratio of STs in Odisha 12
2.11 Village-level classifi cation of STs 12
2.12 Tribes with concentration of more than 1 per cent 13
2.13 Sex ratio among the major tribal groups 13
2.14 Tribes having a sex ratio of 1,003 or more 14
2.15 Communities that experienced a decrease in the population between 1961 and 2001 14
3.1 Malnutrition status 22
3.2 HUNGaMA—Nutritional indicators 22
3.3 Pregnancies with ultrasound and percentage of terminated pregnancies 23
3.4 Presence of any health facilities (fi gures in percentage) 24
3.5 Status of PHCs in the tribal-dominated regions 24
3.6 Status of PHC sub-centres in the tribal-dominated regions 26
3.7 ICDS facilities 26
3.8 Districts where all sanctioned AWCs are not functional 26
3.9 Details of ICDS buildings 27
4.1 Top 10 districts in ST literacy rates 29
4.2 Growth rates for ST literacy rates of Odisha 31
4.3 Reason for drop out (primary school) 32
5.1 Unemployment among the Adivasis and other communities by Usual Principal Status (UPS) 35
5.2 Average daily rural wage received by casual labours of age 15–59 years employed in
other than public works 36
5.3 Percentage of cropped area under diff erent crops to gross cropped area 38
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viii STATE OF THE ADIVASIS IN ODISHA 2014
5.4 Variation in foodgrain yield 40
5.5 Yields in the tribal-dominated districts (in kg/hectare) 40
5.6 Net irrigated area of the STs and all the social groups 41
5.7 Percentage of net irrigated area to net sown area for STs and other social groups 42
5.8 Sources of irrigation for diff erent social groups 42
5.9 Th e occupational distribution of the workers of tribal and all social groups 44
5.10 Landholdings of ST and all social groups 45
5.11 Distribution of operational holdings and operated areas for the STs 45
5.12 NTFP calendar 47
5.13 Districts and participants in the training programme by the TDCCOL 49
5.14 Forest area used for non-forest purposes 49
5.15 Forest area used for non-forest purposes (sector-wise) for 2008–09 50
5.16 Food calendar of the tribals 51
5.17 Daily calendar 51
5.18 Calendar for agricultural activity 52
6.1 Regional poverty in Odisha, NSS 1999–2000 57
6.2 Region-wise HCR of social groups (rural) in Odisha: 1999–2000 57
6.3 Rural and urban poverty (HCR) among the tribals and other social groups in
2004–05 and 2009–10 (Tendulkar approach) 58
6.4 Incidence of poverty in non-coastal regions in comparison to the coastal region 58
6.5 Poverty ratios by social group, Odisha and India, 1983 to 1999–2000 59
6.6 Percentage decline in poverty (HCR) among the tribals and other social groups between
1983 and 1999–2000 59
6.7 Percentage decline in poverty (HCR) among the tribals and other social groups between
2004–05 and 2009–10 (Tendulkar approach) 59
6.8 Wealth index classifi cation of STs 60
6.9 Undernourishment among the social groups 60
6.10 Classifi cation of southern Odisha as per HDI 61
6.11 Classifi cation of northern Odisha as per HDI 61
6.12 Average household income 61
6.13 Classifi cation of households of some major tribal-dominated districts 61
7.1 Displacement and rehabilitation by diff erent projects in Odisha during 1951–95 63
7.2 Families displaced, rehabilitated and received cash grant in upper Kolab project 64
7.3 Group-wise displaced families (December 2010) 66
7.4 Resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced families (December 2010) 66
7.5 Distribution of displaced people by Tata Company in various villages 68
8.1 Homelessness among ST population 73
8.2 Communication facilities in ST villages 74
8.3 Availability of drinking water facility 75
8.4 Sex preference 78
8.5 Decision-making power of women 79
8.6 Women’s access to money and credit 79
8.7 Violence faced by women 80
9.1 NREGS coverage and issues 82
9.2 Share in poverty and expenditure on NREGA 2011–12 82
9.3 SHGs and their activities in the visited areas 83
9.4 Distribution of ITDAs 84
9.5 MADA pockets in the highly tribal-concentrated region 84
9.6 Details of micro projects in the tribal-dominated regions 85
Figures
2.1 Comparison of ST sex ratio of India and Odisha 12
2.2 Distribution of ST villages 13
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List of Tables, Figures, Boxes, Annexures, Maps and Abbreviations ix
3.1 Mortality trends in Odisha 20
3.2 Presence of anaemia among children in Odisha 20
3.3 Vaccination against various diseases 21
3.4 Vaccination coverage in Odisha 21
3.5 Mode of delivery of ST women 23
3.6 AWC infrastructure in tribal-dominated districts 27
4.1 Gender gap in literacy rates 30
4.2 Literacy rates of major tribes 30
4.3 Literacy rates of the STs since 1961 31
4.4 Rise in gender gap in literacy rates for the STs over the years 31
5.1 Foodgrain yield of Odisha and India 39
5.2 Annual rainfall in Odisha 39
5.3 Growth rate of yield of foodgrains between 1998–99 and 2008–09 41
5.4 Percentage of agricultural labourers in Odisha 45
5.5 No. of operational holding in the highly tribal-concentrated districts of Odisha 46
Boxes
3.1 Th e success story of Barabandha PHC 25
4.1 High school drop out and low transition rate 32
4.2 Language as a barrier for Adivasi children 33
4.3 Low paid and demotivated teacher 33
5.1 Alarming problem in Odisha 37
5.2 Grains used for exchange 38
5.3 Classifi cation of landholding 46
5.4 Leasing of cashew plantations in Odisha to private parties 46
5.5 Tribal Development Cooperative Corporation of Odisha Limited (TDCCOL) 48
5.6 Forest rights of PTGs versus mining 50
5.7 New sources of employment and their problems 52
5.8 Success story of a migrant woman in Lupumbera village 54
5.9 Exploitation of male migrants of Sundergarh district 55
6.1 Typical body structure of ST children in Odisha 60
7.1 Environmental consequences of establishing Vedanta Aluminium Limited 65
7.2 Adivasis’ sentimental attachment with land and forests 68
7.3 Structured resettlement process of Tata Company 69
7.4 A well-structured education programme for students 69
7.5 Trijanga Nodal Upper Primary School 70
7.6 Health centre in Trijanga rehabilitation colony 71
7.7 Stitching unit as a source of livelihood for women 71
7.8 Segan–SHG involved in poultry farming 71
8.1 Negative externalities occurring due to lack of roads 74
8.2 Pittajhar hamlet—A perfect case of isolation 74
8.3 Varied patterns of staying hungry 76
8.4 Future confl icts: On transfer of land 78
8.5 Wife beating: A common feature in some of the tribal families 80
Annexures
A.1 ST population ranges 91
A.2 Block-level analysis of ST population (in percentage) 92
A.3 Shift ing cultivation practiced in various tribal areas 94
A.4 STs and their occupation 94
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