Table Of ContentNG OUT WITH
START~
Fr,om Contr,ot Structures,
through Objoects
sixth edition
c++ Quick Reference
c++ Data Types Commonly Used Operators
Data Type Description Assignment Operators
char CbanK::ter = Assignment
+.. Combined addition/assignment
unsigned char Unsigned Character
-". Combined subtraction/assignment
int Integer *'" Combined multiplication/assignment
short int Short integer 1- Combined division/assignment
'''' Combined modulus/assignment
short Same as short int
Arithmetic Operators
unsigned short int Unsigned shon integer + Addition
unsigned short Same as unsigned short int Subtraction
unsigned int Unsigned integer .. Multiplication
1 Division
unsigned Same as unsigned int
% Modulus (remainder)
long i nt Long integer Relational Operators
long Same as long int < Less than
unsigned long int Unsigned long integer <- Less than or equal to
> Greater than
unsigned long Sarneas unsigned long int >'" Greater Ihall or equal 10
float Single precision floating point -- Equal to
!;- Not equal to
double double precision floating point
Logical Operators
long double Long double precision floating
Ii Ii AND
point II OR
I NOT
Increment/Decrement
Forms of the 1f Statement ++ lncrement
Decrement
Simple if Example
if (expression) if (x < y)
statement; x++;
Conditional Operator 7:
For-m:
if/else Example
expression ? expression ; expression
if ( expression) if (x < y) Example:
,statement; x++; x '" a < b ? a : b;
else else The sratement above works like:
statement; x--; if(3<b)
g '" a;
e18e
if/else if Example x - b;
if (expression) if (x < y)
statement; x++;
else if (expression) else if (x < z) The wbile Loop
statement; x--; Form: Example:
else else while (expression) while (x < 100)
statement; cout « xo4o+ « end1;
statement; y++;
while (expression) while (x < 100)
To conditionally-execute more than one { (
statement, enclose the statements in braces: .9tatement; cout « x « endl;
statement; X++i
Form Example ) )
if (expression) if (x < y)
( (
statement; x++;
x,
statement; cout « The do-wbile Loop
I ) Form: Example:
do do
statement, cout « x++ « endl;
while (expression): while (x < 100);
Web Sites
For tbe Sf1lrting Out with C++ Series do do
{ {
aw.com/gaddisbooks statement; cout « x « end1;
For Addison-Wesley Computing statement; x++;
} while (expression) ; } while (x <: 100);
aw.com/computing
LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT
Chapter 1 Introduction to Flowcharting, p. '9
Designing a Program with Pseudocode, p. 19
Designing the Account Balance Program, p. 25
Predicting the Result of Problem 33, p. 25
Chapter 2 Using cout, p. 33
Variable Definitions, p. 39
Assignment Statements and Simple Math Expressions, p. 61
Solving the Restaurant Bill problem, p. 77
Chapter 3 Reading.lnput with cin, p. 83
Formatting Numbers with setprecision, p. 119
Writing Data to a File, p. 144
Reading Data from a File, p. 145
Solving the Stadium Seating Problem, p. 156
Chapter 4 The if Statement, p. 168
The if/else Statement, p. ' 81
The if/else if Statement, p. 191
Solving the Time Calculator Problem, p. 239
Chapter 5 The while Loop, p. 254
The for Loop, p. 270
Solving the Calories Burned Problem, p. 299
Chapter 6 Functions and Arguments, p. 319
Value-Returning Functions, p. 332
Solving the Markup Problem, p. 375
Chapter 7 Accessing Array Elements with a loop, p. 392
Passing an Array to a Function, p. 415
Solving the Chips and Salsa Problem, p. 457
ChapterS The Binary Search, p. 470
The Selection Sort, p. 485
Solving the Charge Account Validation Modification Problem, p. 503
Chapter 9 Dynamically Allocating an Array, p. 535
Solving the getString Function Problem, p. 554
Chapter 10 Writing a C-String-Handling Function, p. 582
Using the string Class, p. 588
VANWYLEN
Solving the Backward String Problem, p. 602
(CO'Yiffi1J03 'mOWge)
Hope College
Holland, Michigan
LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT (continued) -:"';' ."",
--
Chapter 11 Creating a Structure, p. 611
Passing a Structure to a Function, p. 630
Solving the Weather Statistics Problem, p. 664
Chapter 12 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions, p. 683
Working with Multiple Files, p_ 69S
Solving the File Encryption Filter Problem, p_ 725
Chapter 13 Writing a Class, p_ 736
Defining an Instance of a Class, p. 741
Solving the Employee Class Problem, p_ 816
. Chapter 14 Operator Overloading, p. 843
Class Aggregation, p. 872
Solving the NumDays Problem, p_ 888
Chapter 15 Redefining a Base Class Function in a Derived Class, p. 917
Polymorphism, p. 927
Solving the Employee and ProductionWorker Classes Problem, p. 960
'.
Chapter 16 Throwing an Exception, p. 972 •
T
'''.~
Handling an Exception, p. 973
Writing a Function Template, p_ 991
Storing Objects in a vector p. 1011
I
Solving the Exception Project Problem, p_ 1025
Chapter 17 Appending a Node to a Linked List, p_ 1030
Inserting a Node in a Linked List, p. 1037
Deleting a Node from a Linked List, p_ 1042
Sulvill~ the Mernber InSt!rlion by Pu~ition Pruult!HI, p. 1064
Chapter 18 Storing Objects in an STL stack, p. 1083
Storing Objects in an STL queue, p_ 1098
Solving the File Compare Problem, p. 1104
Chapter 19 Reducing a Problem with Recursion, p_ 1112
Solving the Recursive Multiplication Problem, p. 1141
Chapter 20 Inserting a Node in a Binary Tree, p_ 1150
Deleting a Node from a Binary Tree, p_ 11 56
Solving the Node Counter Problem, p. 1167
From Control Structures
through Objects
6th Edition
Tony Gaddis
,
-
PEARSON
Addison
Wesley
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have been tested with care but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any
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..
Library of Congress Cataloging-ill-Publication Data
Gaddis, Tony.
Srarring out with C++ : from control structures through objects I Tony Gaddis. - 6th cd.
p. em.
Includes index.
lSBN-13,978-0-321-54588-6
[SBN-l0, 0-321-54588-5
I. C++ (Computer program language) 1. Title.
QA76.73.CI53G332008
005.J3'3--dc22
2008008001
. Copyright ~ 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. l)rinted in the United States of America. For information on obtaining
permission for use of material in this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, inc., Rights
and Contracts Departinellt, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447,
or e-mad at http://www.pearsoned.com/legaVpermissions.htm.
ISBN n 978-0-321-54588-6
ISBN 10, 0-321-54588-5
23456789 IO-QWT-ll10 09 08
j
o
'1
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1
CHAPTER 2 Introduction to c++ 29
CHAPTER 3 Expressions and Interactivity 83
CHAPTER 4 Making Decisions 163
CHAPTER 5 Looping 249
CHAPTER 6 Functions 307
CHAPTER 7 Arrays 387
CHAPTER 8 Searching and Sorting Arrays 467
CHAPTER 9 Pointers 507
CHAPTER 10 Characters, Strings, and the string Class 559
CHAPTER 11 Structured Data 609
CHAPTER 12 Advanced File Operations 673
CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Classes 729
CHAPTER 14 More About Classes 825
CHAPTER 15 Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions 895
CHAPTER 16 Exceptions, Templates, and the Standard Template Library (STL) 971
CHAPTER 17 Linked Lists 1027
CHAPTER 18 Stacks and Queues 1067
CHAPTER 19 Recursion 1107
CHAPTER 20 Binary Tree. 1145
Appendix A: Getting Started with Alice 1171
Appendix B: The ASCII Character Set 1199
Appendix C: Operator Precedence and Associativity 1203
Index 1205
v
vi Contents at a Glance
Student CD The following appendices arc on the accompanying Student CD.
Appendix D: Introduction to Flowcharting
Appendix E: Using UML in Class Design
Appendix F: Namespaces
Appendix G: Writing Managed C++ Code for the .NET Framework
Appendix H: Passing Command Line Arguments
Appendix I: Header File and Library Function Reference
Appendix ,: Binary Numbers and Bitwise Operations
Appendix K: Multi-Source File Programs
Appendix L: Stream Member Functions for Formatting
Appendix M: Introduction to Microsoft Visual c++ 2008 Express Edition
Appendix N: Answers to Checkpoints
Appendix 0 : Answers to Odd Numbered Review Questions
Table of Location of Video Notes
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1
1.1 Why Program? 1
1.2 Compmer Systems: Hardware and Software 2
1.3 Programs and Programming Languages 6
1.4 What Is a Program Made of? ]2
1.5 Input, Processing, and Output ]6
1.6 The Programming Process 17
1.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 21
CHAPTER 2 Introduction to C++ 29
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program 29
2.2 The cout Object 33
2.3 The #include Directive 38
2.4 Variables and Literals 39
2.5 Identifiers 43
2.6 Integer Data Types 44
2.7 The char Data Type 49
2.8 Floating-Poim Data Types 54
2.9 The bool Data Type 57
2.10 Determining the Size of a Data Type 58
2.11 Variable Assignments and Initialization 59
2.12 Scope 60
2.13 Arithmetic Operators 61
2.14 Commems 67
2.15 Focus on Software Engineering: Programming Style 69
2.16 llYou Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Standard and Presrandard C++ 71
CHAPTER 3 Expressions and Interactlvity 83
3.1 The cin Object 83
3.2 Mathematical Expressions 91
3.3 When You Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Conversion 100
vii
viii Contents
3.4 Overflow and Underflow 102
3.5 Type Casting 104
3.6 Named Constants 107
3.7 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment 1.12
3.8 Formatting Output 116
3.9 Fonnartcd Tnpur 125
3.10 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: More About Member Functions 130
3.11 More Mathematical Library Functions 131
3.12 Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing a Program 135
3.13 Focus on Problem Solving: A Case Study 137
3.14 Introduction to File Input and Output 140
CHAPTER 4 Making Decisions 163
4.1 Relational Operators 163
4.2 The if Statement 168
4.3 Flags 176
4.4 Expanding the if Statement 177
4.5 The if/else Statement 181
4.6 Nested if Statements 184
4.7 The if/else if Statement 191
4.8 Menus 195
4.9 Logical Operators 199
4.10 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators 206
4.11 Focus on Software Engineering: Validating User Input 207
4.12 More About Variable Definitions and Scope 209
4.13 Comparing Suings 213
4.14 The Conditional Operator 218
4.15 The switch Statement 222
4.16 Testing for File Open Errors 231
CHAPTER 5 Looping 249
5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators 249
5.2 Introduction to Loops: The while Loop 254
5.3 Using the while Loop for input Validation 261
5.4 Counters 263
5.5 The do-while Loop 265
5.6 The for Loop 270
5.7 Keeping a Running Total 280
5.8 Sentinels 283
5.9 Using a Loop to Read Data from a File 284
5.10 Focus on Software Engineering: Deciding Which Loop to Use 287
5.11 Nested Loops 287
5.12 Breaking Out of a Loop 290
5.]3 The continue Statement 292
CHAPTER 6 Functions 307
6.1 Focus on Softvvare Engineering: Modular Programming 307
6.2 Defining and CaUing Functions 309
6.3 Function Prototypes 317
