START-UP OF A LABORATORY-SCALE ANAEROBIC - T-Space

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START-UP OF A LABORATORY-SCALE
ANAEROBIC SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
TREATING GLUCOSE
Ioannis Sbizris
A tbesis su bmitted in conformity with the requirements
for the degree of Master of Applieà Science
Graduate Department of Civil Engineering
University of Toronto
@ Copyright by Ioannis Shizas, 2000
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Start-Up of a Laboratory-Scale Anaerobic
Sequcacing Batch Reactor Treating Glucose
Ioannis Shizris
Master of Applid Science, 2000
Graduate Department of C ME ngineering
University of Toronto
A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ANSBR) treating glucose
at 2 1O C w as started-up and loaded to an organic loading rate (OLR)o f 3 kg-m-3-d-'.
Higher loadings were not achieved due to acid accumulation and pH inhibition.
Operational parameters such as influent concentration, total cycle tirne, and fill-to-cycle
tirne (WC) ratios were identified that could be modined to improve the reactor's
pefiormance without the need for extemal pH control.
In addition, a straightfoward experimental methad was described that could
determine substrate-specific kinetic parameters and active biomass hctions necessary
for use in mathematical models of the ANSBR process. Low levels of aceticlastic
methanogens (0.48 %) and total active biomass ( 17 .4 %) were measured in the
microcosm studies likely due to solids washout and temperature "shock". Mode1
predictions of the five sets of ANSBR oprational conditions shidied in the labonitory
generally agreed with experimental results for 6000 mg& glucose influent, but dBered
for 3000 mg/L.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1t hank my supervisor, Prof. David M. Bagley, for his comments and suggestions
which were key to developing and complethg this thesis and research work. Without bis
guidance this work would not have been possible. Also, 1t hank my second reader, Prof.
Robert C. Andrews for his comments and suggestions regarding this thesis.
1 thank my feiiow students, Jerry, Mike, Yale, and Chi, for their help and
fiiendship which made working towards my Master's degree less troublesome thaa 1
initially thought. 1 must also thank Russell D'Souza and the other snidents in the lab for
helping me with analytical and laboratory procedures.
Finally, 1 wish to thank my family and friends who supported me throughout this
research work. 1 would not have been able to make it without you.
This work was financiaily assisted by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Energy, Science, and Technology:
Singapore - Ontario Joint Research Programme, and the Centre for Research in Earth and
Space Technology.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Anaerobic Bidegradation of Glucose
2.2 The Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ANSBR)
2.3 AUcalinity and pH Issues
2.4 Modelling the Anaerobic Treatment Process
2.5 Substrate-Specifïc Kinetic Parameters and Active Biomass
2.6 Biomass Granulation
3. M A T E W S AND METHODS
3.1 Lab-Scale ANSBR Set-Up
3.2 Lab-Scale Reactor Operation
3.3 Lab-Scale Basal Medium
3.4 Measurement of Volatile Fatty Acids V A S )
3.5 Measurement of Hydrogen
3.6 Measurement of Glucose
3.7 Bottle Study Methods
3.8 Measurement of Aikalinity, pH, Soluble COD,a nd Suspended Solids
4. INITIAL OPERATION
4.1 Summary of Lab-Scale Operation
4.2 Phase 1 - Initial Set-Up
4.3 Phase 2 - First Addition of Granulated Sludge to the Reactor
4.4 Phase 3 - Final Configuration
TABLE OF CONTENTS, coat.
Section Page
5. MODIFMNG OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
5.1 Experimental Plan
5.2 Soluble COD vs. Tirne
5.3 pH vs. Time
5.4 Glucose and VFAs vs. Time
5.5 Summary
6. SUBSTRATE-SPECIFIC KINETIC PARAMETERS AM)B IOMASS
6.1 Motivation for Mcasuring Suôstrate-Specific Parameters
6.2 Method for Measuring Substrate-Specinc Parameters
6.3 Experimental Protoc01
6.4 Resuits Obtained
6.5 Summary
7. COMPUTER MODEL SIMULATIONS
7.1 Simulation Methodology
7.2 Simulation Results for pH
7.3 Simulation Results for VFAs
7.4 Siunmaly
8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
10 . REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Typical Acidogenic Pathways
2.2 Typical Acetogenic Pathways
2.3 Summary of ANSBR Experimental Work
3.1 Lab-Scale Measurements Taken and Average Frequency
3 -2 Initial Basal Medium Composition
3 -3 Modified Basal Medium Composition
4.1 Summary of Phases of Lab-Scale ANSBR Operation
4.2 Soiids Profile for the ANSBR on Day 28
4.3 pH and Effluent SCOD and VFAs for Days 206 and 207
5.1 Experimental Parameters
5.2 SCOD Removal Efficiencies
6.1 Su bstrate-Specific Khetic Parameters and Active Biomass
6.2 Cornparison of k Values for Anaerobic Bidegradation
7.1 Substrate-Specific Parameters Used in the Simulations
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.1 Lab-Scale Reactor Set-Up
3.2 IC Eluent Profiles
4.1 Effluent SCOD Concentrations Measured for Days O Through 227
4.2 Initial SCOD Removal
4.3 Initial VFA Results
4.4 Effluent SCOD From Days 71 to 100
4.5 Effluent SCOD After First Addition of Granulated Sludge
4.6 Effluent SCOD and VFAs From Days 178 to 181
4.7 Glucose Concentration vs. Time for 5 hr and 10 hr Fil1 Times on Day 185
4.8 Effluent SCOD and Propionate From Days 185 to 188
4.9 influent Feed Titration Curve
4.10 Reactor Efnuent Titration Curve
5.1 SCOD and Sun of Individual Components vs. Time for Run 1
5.2 SCOD vs. Tirne for Runs 2 Through 5
5.3 Distribution of Products vs. Thef or Run 1
5.4 pH vs. Time for Al1 Runs
5.5 Relationship Between pH and Total Acids for Run 1
5.6 Glucose Concentration vs. Time for AU Runs
5.7 Lactate Concentration vs. Time for All Runs
5.8 Propionate Concentration vs. Time for Al1 Runs
5 -9 Acetate Concentration vs. Time for Al1 Runs
6.1 Glucose Degradation Curves
6.2 Hydrogen Degradation Curves
6.3 Lactate Degradation Curves
6.4 Acetate Degradation Curves
6.5 Propionate Degradation Curves
6.6 Butyrate Degradation Curves
vii
LIST OF FIGURES, cont.
Figure Page
7.1 pH vs. Time for AU 5 Runs Using Parameters From Brodkorb (1998) 60
7.2 pH vs. Time for Ail 5 Runs Using Parameters From This Work 61
7.3 pH Cornparisons for Run 1 61
7.4 pH Cornparisons for Run 2 62
7.5 pH Cornparisons for Run 3 63
7.6 Lactate vs. Time for AI1 5 Runs Using Parameters From Brodkorb (1998) 64
7.7 Propionate vs. Time for Al1 5 Runs Using Parameters From Brodkorb (1998) 64
7.8 Acetate vs. T h e f or Al1 5 Runs Using Parameters From This Work 65
7.9 ExpeNnental and Simulation Results for Run 1 Using Parameters
fiom Brodkorb (1 998) 65
7.10 Experimental and Simulation Results for Run 1 Using Parameters
fkom This Work 66
7.1 1 Experimental and Simulation Resdts for Run 3 Using Parameters
fiom Brodkorb (1 998) 66
7.1 2 Experimental and Simulation Results for Run 3 Using Parameters
fiom This Work 67
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SymboV
Ab breviation Definition
ADP adenosine diphosphate
Alk carbonate alkaiinity
ANSBR anaerobic sequencing batch reactor
ATP adenosine triphosphate
COD chemical oxygen demand
ECP extracelluiar polymer
F/C fill-to-cycle time ratio
FIM food-to-microorganism ratio
AG Gibb's k ee nergy change
GC gas chmatograph
HRT hydraulic retention the
WWQ International Association on Water Quality
IC ion chromatograph
ka maximum specific substrate utilization rate (based on X.)
kt maximum specific substrate utilization rate (based on X,)
Ks half-saturation constant
K w dissociation constant for water (10-l4a t 25°C2 3.
KI;K 1; KH. carbonate system equilibrium constants (1 0 , 10-10.3. , 1O -'.', respectively)
NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)
NFDM non-fat dry milk
OLR organic loading rate
PA partial pressure of gas A
S substrate concentration
SCOD soluble chemical oxygen demand
TCD thermal conductivity detector
TMS trace metal solution
TSS total suspended solids
UASB upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
VFA volatile fatty acid
VSS volatile suspended solids
Xa active biomass concentration
xt
total biomass concentration
Y microbial growth yield