Table Of ContentThe Sun is an ordinary star. T h e Last In
c
h
Nuclear reactions First hominids
make energy.
e
n
Earth Moon h li
c
n
e-i
n
O
e
n
Tthhee BDiga rBk aAngge h wahden al li
o
Imagine the history of the Universe cooled and before G
as a time line down the middle of an stars began to shine
American football field. The story
Ten thousand years ago, on
begins on one goal line as the Big
Formation of the the 0.0026 inch line, humans
Bang fills the Universe with
first galaxies begin building cities and
energy and a fantastically hot gas well under way modern civilization begins.
of hydrogen and helium. Follow
The Age of Quasars: Galaxies,
the history from the first inch of
including our home galaxy, actively
the time line as the expansion forming, colliding, and merging
Formation of the Solar
of the Universe cools the gas
System, including the Sun
and it begins to form galaxies
and Earth, from a cloud of
and stars.
interstellar gas and dust
Life begins in
Earth’s oceans.
Cambrian explosion 540 million
years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans
becomes complex.
The expansion of the
Universe stops slowing
and begins accelerating.
Life first emerges
onto the land.
e Over billions of years, generation
n Age of Dinosaurs
al li after generation of stars have lived
o and died, cooking the hydrogen
G
and helium of the big bang into the
e atoms of which you are made.
n
h li Study the last inch of the time line to
c see the rise of human ancestors and
n
e-i the origin of civilization. Only in the
n last flicker of a moment on the time
O
line have humans begun to
understand the story.
Recombination: A few hundred
thousand years after the Big
Bang, the gas becomes
transparent to light.
Anglo-Australian Observatory/David Malin Images
h
T c
heFirst In
A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The Sun is an ordinary star. T h e LastIn
c
h
Nuclear reactions First hominids
make energy.
e
n
Earth Moon h li
c
n
e-i
n
O
e
n
Tthhee BDiga rBk aAngge h wahden al li
o
Imagine the history of the Universe cooled and before G
as a time line down the middle of an stars began to shine
American football field. The story
Ten thousand years ago, on
begins on one goal line as the Big
Formation of the the 0.0026 inch line, humans
Bang fills the Universe with
first galaxies begin building cities and
energy and a fantastically hot gas well under way modern civilization begins.
of hydrogen and helium. Follow
The Age of Quasars: Galaxies,
the history from the first inch of
including our home galaxy, actively
the time line as the expansion forming, colliding, and merging
Formation of the Solar
of the Universe cools the gas
System, including the Sun
and it begins to form galaxies
and Earth, from a cloud of
and stars.
interstellar gas and dust
Life begins in
Earth’s oceans.
Cambrian explosion 540 million
years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans
becomes complex.
The expansion of the
Life first emerges
onto the land.
e Over billions of years, generation
n Age of Dinosaurs
al li after generation of stars have lived
o and died, cooking the hydrogen
G
and helium of the big bang into the
e atoms of which you are made.
n
h li Study the last inch of the time line to
c see the rise of human ancestors and
n
e-i the origin of civilization. Only in the
n last flicker of a moment on the time
O
line have humans begun to
understand the story.
Recombination: A few hundred
thousand years after the Big
Bang, the gas becomes
transparent to light.
h
T c
he First In
A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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DDaannaa EE.. BBaacckkmmaann
SSOEFTIIA In (sSttirtauttoes p&h NeAriScA O Abisrebrovranteo r y
foArs tIrnofrnaoremdy A Asmtrobnaossmady)ors
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Rfeosr eInarfcrahr eCde nAtsetrronomy)
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Stars and Galaxies, Tenth Edition © 2019, 2016, 2013 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Michael A. Seeds, Dana E. Backman WCN: 02-300
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Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
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Dedication
In memory of Edward & Antonette Backman and Emery & Helen Seeds
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BriEf ContEntS
PArt 1: ExPloring thE Sky PArt 3: thE UnivErSE
1 Here and Now 1 15 The Milky Way Galaxy 310
2 A User’s Guide to the Sky 11 16 Galaxies 335
3 Moon Phases and Eclipses 32 17 Active Galaxies and Supermassive
Black Holes 361
4 Origins of Modern Astronomy 52
18 Modern Cosmology 377
5 Gravity 78
6 Light and Telescopes 101 PArt 4: lifE
19 Astrobiology: Life on Other Worlds 408
PArt 2: thE StArS
7 Atoms and Spectra 127
8 The Sun 143
9 The Family of Stars 170
10 The Interstellar Medium 199
11 The Formation and Structure of Stars 216
12 Stellar Evolution 238
13 The Deaths of Stars 262
14 Neutron Stars and Black Holes 286
iv Brief Contents
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
ContEntS
PArt 1: ExPloring thE Sky
1 Here and Now 1
how Do wE know?
1-1 Where Are We? 2
1-1 The Scientific Method 8
1-2 When Is Now? 6
1-3 Why Study Astronomy? 7 2-1 Scientific Models 17
2-2 Pseudoscience 26
2 A User’s Guide to the Sky 11
2-3 Scientific Arguments 28
2-1 Stars and Constellations 12
3-1 Scientific Imagination 39
2-2 The Sky and Celestial Motions 17
4-1 Scientific Revolutions 64
2-3 Sun and Planets 21
2-4 Astronomical Influences on Earth’s Climate 25 4-2 Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws 69
5-1 Cause and Effect 83
3 Moon Phases and Eclipses 32
5-2 Testing a Hypothesis by Prediction 92
3-1 The Changeable Moon 33
6-1 Resolution and Precision 109
3-2 Lunar Eclipses 36
3-3 Solar Eclipses 38
3-4 Predicting Eclipses 45
ConCEPt Art
4 Origins of Modern Astronomy 52
The Sky Around You 18–19
4-1 Roots of Astronomy 53
The Cycle of the Seasons 22–23
4-2 The Copernican Revolution 58
4-3 Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion 64 The Phases of the Moon 34–35
4-4 Galileo’s Conclusive Evidence 70
4-5 Ninety-Nine Years That Revolutionized Astronomy 74 An Ancient Model of the Universe 60–61
orbits 86–87
5 Gravity 78
Modern optical Telescopes 112–113
5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences 79
5-2 orbital Motion and Tides 84
5-3 Einstein and Relativity 92
6 Light and Telescopes 101
6-1 Radiation: Information from Space 102
6-2 Telescopes 105
6-3 observatories on Earth: optical and Radio 110
6-4 Airborne and Space observatories 116
6-5 Astronomical Instruments and Techniques 118
6-6 Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy 123
Contents v
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