Table Of Content•
The Dark Age when
the big bang had
Imagine the history of the Universe cooled and before
as a time line down the middle of an stars began to shine
American football field. The story
begins on one goal line as the big
Formation of the
bang fills the Universe with energy
first galaxies
and a fantastically hot gas of well under way
hydrogen and helium. Follow the
The Age of Quasars: Galaxies,
history from the first inch of the
including our home galaxy, actively
time line as the expansion of forming, colliding, and merging
the Universe cools the gas
and it begins to form galaxies
and stars.
The expansion of the
Universe stops slowing
and begins accelerating.
e
n
al li
o
G
e
n
h li
c
n
e-i
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O
Recombination: A few hundred
thousand years after the big
bang, the gas becomes
transparent to light.
Anglo-Australian Observatory/David Malin Images
The First In c h
A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars.
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The Sun is an ordinary star. T h e Last In
c
h
Nuclear reactions First hominids
make energy.
e
n
Ea•rth Mo••on h li
c
n
e-i
n
O
e
n
al li
o
G
Ten thousand years ago, on
the 0.0026 inch line, humans
begin building cities and
modern civilization begins.
Formation of the Sun and
planets from a cloud of
interstellar gas and dust
Life begins in
Earth’s oceans.
Cambrian explosion 540 million
years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans
becomes complex.
Life first emerges
onto the land.
Over billions of years, generation
Age of Dinosaurs
after generation of stars have lived
and died, cooking the hydrogen
and helium of the big bang into the
atoms of which you are made.
Study the last inch of the time line
to see the rise of human ancestors
and the origin of civilization. Only in
the last flicker of a moment on the
time line have humans begun to
understand the story.
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OO BB AA FF GG KK MM
106 100R 1000R
10R Alnilam Rigel A Betelgeuse
Adara Deneb Antares
Spica A Polaris
104 –5
1R Spica B Supergiants
Canopus
Arcturus
Rigel B Capella A
Mai Mira
102 0.1R n sequence VegSaiCriaups eAlla B AldebaraGni Aa nts 0
Pollux
Altair
L Procyon A M
/ v
L
Sun
1 5
0.01R α Centauri B
Aldebaran B
10–2 Sirius B 40 Eridani B 10
Wolf 1346
0.001R
White dwarfs Procyon VBan Maanen’s Star BarnRdawredda’sr fSstar
10–4
Wolf 486
Note: Star sizes are not to scale.
3300,,000000 2200,,000000 1100,,000000 55000000 33000000 22000000
Temperature (K)
The H–R diagram is the key to understanding stars, their birth, their long lives, and their
eventual deaths. Luminosity (L / L ) refers to the total amount of energy that a star emits
(
in terms of the Sun’s luminosity, and the temperature refers to the temperature of its
surface. Together, the temperature and luminosity of a star locate it on the H–R diagram
and tell astronomers its radius, its family relationships with other stars, and a great
deal about its history and fate.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The Terrestrial or Earthlike planets lie very close The outer worlds of our Solar System orbit This book is designed to use arrows to alert
to the Sun, and their orbits are hardly visible in a far from the Sun. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and you to important concepts in diagrams and
diagram that includes the outer planets. Neptune are Jovian or Jupiter-like planets graphs. Some arrows point things out, but
much bigger than Earth. They contain large others represent motion, force, or even the
Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars are amounts of low-density gases. flow of light. Look at arrows in the book
small worlds made of rock and metal with little carefully and use this Flash Reference card
or no atmospheric gases. Pluto is one of a number of small, icy worlds to catch all of the arrow clues.
orbiting beyond Neptune. Astronomers have
concluded that Pluto is not really a planet
and now refer to it as a dwarf planet.
Point at things: Force:
Earth is a water world. It is widely covered
by liquid water, has polar caps of solid
water, and has an atmosphere rich in
Mercury is slightly more than a third water vapor and water-droplet clouds. You are here
the diameter of Earth, has negligible
atmosphere, and is heavily cratered.
(cid:129)
s
d
l Earth’s Moon is only
r one-fourth Earth’s
o diameter. It is airless
W and heavily cratered.
Volcanoes Process flow: Measurement:
l
a
i
r
t
s
e
r
r
e Venus, 95 percent the
T diameter of Earth, has a
thick, cloudy atmosphere
e that hides its surface from
view. Seen through an
h Earth-based telescope, it is
T a featureless, white ball.
Mthaarns ,h sallifg Ehatlryt hm’sore Direction: Radio waves,
Rpmeaandpeisot r-oawft aethv teehl ees nucgrlfotahuc dreas od, fai aVnteidon nrua csdaanr darotiamcmkoyes, ptcehrra,e threear esa dna d ct hrauinst Panodla cr acrabpo no fd firooxziedne water infrared, photons:
reveal impact craters, volcanoes, marked by volcanoes
and solidified lava flows. and old lava flows.
ts Venus Sun
i
b
r
O Motion:
ary 1 AU Mercury MSuanrs Rotation 2-D Rotation 3-D Linear
t Jupiter
e
Saturn
n Enlarged to show
a relative size Uranus
l
P Earth Neptune
Earth
Sun
Jupiter, more than 11 times Earth’s diameter,
is the largest planet in our Solar System.
The cloud belts and zones on Light flow:
Saturn are less distinct than
s those on Jupiter. Uranus and Neptune Updated arrow style
d are both about four
l times Earth's diameter.
r
o
W
r
e
t
u Shadow of one Focal length
O of Jupiter’s
many moons
e
h Earth is the largest of
T the Terrestrial worlds, Uranus and Neptune are green-
but it is small compared and blue-colored because of
with the Jovian planets. small amounts of methane in
their hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
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9
N I N T H E D I T I O N
Stars and Galaxies
Michael A. Seeds
Joseph R. Grundy Observatory
Franklin and Marshall College
Dana E. Backman
SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy)
SETI Institute & NASA Ames
Research Center
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Stars and Galaxies © 2016, 2013, 2011 Cengage Learning
Ninth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Michael A. Seeds and Dana E. Backman
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Dedication
In memory of Edward & Antonette Backman and Emery & Helen Seeds
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