Starch Polymers. From Genetic Engineering to Green Applications

445 Pages·2014·23.341 MB·English

by  P. Halley and Luc Averous (Eds.)

STARCH POLYMERS
From Genetic Engineering to Green
Applications
STARCH
POLYMERS
From Genetic Engineering
to Green Applications
Edited by
P J. H
ETER ALLEY
L A ´
UC VEROUS
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Dedication
To researchers, students, and engineers out there looking for the true
sustainabletriplebottomline solution
v
Contributors
Luc Ave´rous BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Universite´ de Strasbourg,
Cedex2,Strasbourg,France
Carmen G. Boeriu Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, Division
BiobasedProducts,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
C. Chale´at Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The
UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
Bor-Sen Chiou USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Bioproduct
ChemistryandEngineering,Albany,California,USA
KatherineDean CSIROMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Victoria,Australia
Maurice C.R. Franssen Wageningen University, Lab of Organic Chemistry,
Wageningen,TheNetherlands
Michael J. Gidley Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, ARC Centre of
ExcellenceinPlantCellWalls,QueenslandAllianceforAgricultureandFood
Innovation,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
GregoryM.Glenn USDA-ARS,WesternRegionalResearchCenter,Bioproduct
ChemistryandEngineering,Albany,California,USA
JosephGreene CaliforniaStateUniversity,Chico,California,USA
Peter J. Halley School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute of
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and Centre for High Performance Polymers,
Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University
ofQueensland,Queensland,Australia
Syed Imam USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Bioproduct
ChemistryandEngineering,Albany,California,USA
StephenA.Jobling CSIROFoodFuturesNationalResearchFlagship,GPOBox
1600,Canberra,AustraliaandCSIROPlantIndustry,GPOBox1600,Canberra,
Australia
Bronwyn G. Laycock AIBN and the School of Chemical Engineering, The
UniversityofQueensland,StLucia,Queensland,Australia
Zhongyi Li CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600,
Canberra, Australia and CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra,
Australia
Peng Liu School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou
University,Guangzhou,China
R.B. Maliger School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
xiii
xiv
CONTRIBUTORS
MatthewK.Morell CSIROFoodFuturesNationalResearchFlagship,GPOBox
1600,Canberra,AustraliaandCSIROPlantIndustry,GPOBox1600,Canberra,
Australia
William Orts USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Bioproduct
ChemistryandEngineering,Albany,California,USA
Eustathios Petinakis CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Victoria,
Australia
Eric Pollet BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Universite´ de Strasbourg,
67087Strasbourg,Cedex2,Strasbourg,France
AhmedRegina CSIROFoodFuturesNationalResearchFlagship,GPOBox1600,
Canberra, Australia and CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra,
Australia
ParveenSangwan CSIROMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Victoria,Australia
AshokK.Shrestha SchoolofScienceandHealth,UniversityofWesternSydney,
HawkesburyCampus,Richmond,NewSouthWales,Australia
I. Tan Centre for High Performance Polymers, Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland,
Queensland,Australia
Luisa M. Trindade Wageningen UR—Plant Breeding, Wageningen University
andResearchCenter,P.O.Box386,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
R.W. Truss School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and School of Chemical
Engineering,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
RichardG.F.Visser WageningenUR—PlantBreeding,WageningenUniversity
andResearchCenter,P.O.Box386,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
Delilah F. Wood USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Bioproduct
ChemistryandEngineering,Albany,California,USA
FengweiXie AustralianInstituteforBioengineeringandNanotechnology,The
UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia
Xuan Xu Wageningen UR—Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and
Research Center, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, The Netherlands and National
Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Key Laboratory of
Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural
University,Wuhan,China
Long Yu Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, ERCSPP, College of
Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, China and CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering,
Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
Acknowledgments
Thankstoallthecontributingauthorsfortheirtime,patience,andskill
in their chapters.
Thanksto Dr. Meir Barfor his technical editorial assistance.
Prof.PeterJ.Halleythanksthefunding provided from theAustralian
government and industry for starch-based plastics since 1995, and the
efforts of the 60+ researcherswhohave worked in these projects.
Prof. Luc Ave´rous thanks the Masters, Ph.D. students, Postdocs, col-
leagues, and collaborators from all over the world, who have been
together involved in this long (since 1996) and fruitful research story.
Wewantalsotoassociatewiththeseacknowledgments,differentFrench
regions(AlsaceandChampagne-Ardennes),theFrenchgovernment,and
some companies for their fundingand kind help.
LucAve´rous
Peter J.Halley
xv
Preface
Over the past decades, international research has led to the strong
development of materials from biomass, such as starch, for nonfood
and polymer applications. These materials are biobased, but also they
are often biodegradable. According to ASTM standard D-5488-94d or
European norm EN 13432, biodegradable is defined as being capable of
undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inor-
ganiccompounds,andbiomass.Thepredominantmechanismistheenzy-
matic action of microorganisms. These materials are also often
compostable. Compostability is defined as material biodegradability at
set conditions using a compost medium.
Currently, biopolymers (recently defined by IUPAC as “Polymers
whicheminatefromlivingorganisms”)fromrenewablesource(biomass)
represent enormous potential. This is mainly due to a growing societal
demand for more friendly and environmental materials, where durable
andlong-lastingplasticsarenotalwaysappropriateforshort-termappli-
cations (packaging, leisure, agriculture, catering, hygiene, biomedical),
since these polymers can easily be degraded and bioassimilated (biotic
andabiotic degradations).
Theworldwidedemandforthebiobasedandbiodegradablepolymers
hassteadilygrownoverthelast10yearsatanannualrateofbetween10%
and20%peryear.Themarketshare,however,isverymodestintermsof
actual fraction of the total plastics market. According to the association
EuropeanBioplastics(EU),theworldwideproductioncapacityofthebio-
degradableandbiobasedpolymersformaterialapplicationswasaround
1161kt in 2011 (the corresponding plastic production was 280million
tons), with around 250kt of starch-based materials in 2011, growing to
500kt by 2020. Up to now, the limited growth of the biopolymers can
beexplainedbylimitedperformanceproperties,highprices,limitedleg-
islativeattention,thefactthatbiodegradabilitycanbeanaddedfunctional
property not immediately perceived, and the lack of composting infra-
structure. However, excitingly new environmental materials based on
multiphase starch-based blends, modified starch, and other innovations
in starch polymershave begun to address these majorissues.
This book focuses on starch-based materials, from the plant to final
objects and end-products. This book presents the most recent advances
in science and technology in all related areas from genetically modified
starch to end-user applications. These domains have not been covered
xvii
xviii
PREFACE
beforeinasinglebook,andtheyincludethemajorfieldsofbiochemistry,
chemistry, physics, and material science. These fields include specific
areas in biosynthesis (biochemistry) and material synthesis (chemistry),
multilevel (nano/micro/macro)structures, formulation, rheology and
processing, characterization,and applications.
This book will benefit the scientific community as in 15 chapters; it
covers almost all topics related to starch polymers. This book is divided
intonineparts.Forseveralparts,thefirstchapterpresentsageneralstate
of-the-art overview of the corresponding subject and then the following
chapter presents some very focused and specific research areas within
the corresponding thematic. We feel this will maximize benefits for the
readers.
Thisvolumestartsoffwithanintroductoryandgeneralchapter,which
briefly summarizes the importance of thissubject.
Part2isbasedonstarchgeneticswithtwodifferentchapters.Thispart
presents the state ofart of thisfascinating topic.
Part3isfocusedonnovelstarchmodifiedbybiotechnologyandbiopro-
duction. Achapterpresentsthe state of art of this subject.
Part4isrelatedtonovelstarchmodifiedbychemistry.Thispartsyner-
gizeswiththepreviousone(alsointheoverreachingareaofstarchmod-
ification) andisdividedinto two chapters.
Part 5 is based on the structures and properties of novel starch-based
materialsatdifferentscales.Thismajortopicispresentedintwodifferent
chapters.
Part6presentsinachapter,somenovelcharacterizationmethodscon-
cerning the NMR analysis of these specific materials.
Part7presentssomenovelprocessingmethodstoproducethesemate-
rials, in order to obtain multiphase and structured materials with high
performance. Thispart isdividedinto two differentchapters.
Part8isbasedonthestudyofthedegradationandbiodegradationof
these starch-based materials, with two different chapters.
Part9isthelastpartandismainlyfocusedontheapplicationswithtwo
differentchapters,whichcoverthedifferentaspectsrelatedtotheend-use
ofthese challenging materials.
Giventheglobalcontext,itislogicaltoustoconsiderthebiobasedsys-
tems discussed in this book as materials of the future. This book shows
very important issues and topics related to these materials and should
be attractive to the scientific community. Several books, book chapters,
andotherreviewshavealreadybeendedicatedtothestarch-basedmate-
rials,andtheyshowboththerichnessofthisfieldandthehugepotential
for progress in our scientific understanding. However, this book fills a
great void in presenting in a dedicated volume the global knowledge
chainfromgeneticengineeringtogreenapplications.Theremainingopen
xix
PREFACE
questions that have to be addressed to improve their performances and
applicationsfurtherarejust as challenging.
This book should be very useful for scientists, academicians, research
scholars, polymer, agriculture and material engineers, and industries.
Thisvolumeisalsosupportiveforundergraduateandpostgraduatestu-
dentsininstitutesofagriculture,polymer,materialsscience,engineering
and technology, and the corresponding labs. This is a special book with
severalimportantcontributionsfrommostofthebestwell-knownexperts
from all over theworld.
Botheditorswouldliketoexpresstheirgreatgratitudetoallcontribu-
torsofthisbook,whomadeexcellentcontributions.Wewouldalsoliketo
thankallwhohelpedusintheeditorialwork,especiallyDr.MeirBarwho
worked on technical editingduring his sabbatical visit.
LucAve´rous
Peter J.Halley