Table Of ContentStarch-Based Polymeric
Materials
and
Nanocomposites
Chemistry, Processing, and Applications
Edited by
Jasim Ahmed
Brijesh K. Tiwari
Syed H. Imam
M.A. Rao
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Version Date: 20120224
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Editors................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.......................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter.1
Introduction:.Starch.as.Biopolymer.and.Nanocomposite...................................................................1
Jasim Ahmed, Brijesh K. Tiwari, Syed H. Imam, and M.A. Rao
Chapter.2
Starch:.Chemistry,.Microstructure,.Processing,.and.Enzymatic.Degradation...................................5
Syed H. Imam, Delilah F. Wood, Mohamed A. Abdelwahab, Bor-Sen Chiou,
Tina G. Williams, Gregory M. Glenn, and William J. Orts
Chapter.3
Starch.as.Gelling.Agent....................................................................................................................33
Thava Vasanthan, Jihong Li, David Bressler, and Ratnajothi Hoover
Chapter.4
Plasticized.Starch..............................................................................................................................69
Xiaofei Ma, Peter R. Chang, and Jiugao Yu
Chapter.5
Rheological.and.Thermal.Properties.of.Starch.and.Starch-Based.Biopolymers..............................85
M.A. Rao, Jirarat Tattiyakul, and Hung-Ju Liao
Chapter.6
Modification.of.Biodegradable.Polymers.through.Reactive.Extrusion-I........................................101
I. Moura and A.V. Machado
Chapter.7
Modification.of.Biodegradable.Polymers.through.Reactive.Extrusion-II......................................133
Sathya B. Kalambur
Chapter.8
Starch-Derived.Cyclodextrins.and.Their.Future.in.the.Food.Biopolymer.Industry.......................167
C. González-Barreiro, R. Rial-Otero, J. Simal-Gándara, G. Astray,
A. Cid, J.C. Mejuto, J.A. Manso, and J. Morales
iii
iv Contents
Chapter.9
Functional.and.Physicochemical.Properties.of.Cyclodextrins.......................................................183
Jun Zhao and Shan-Jing Yao
Chapter.10
Introduction.of.Starch.into.Plastic.Films:.Advent.of.Starch.in.Plastics.........................................231
R.E. Harry-O’kuru and Sherald H. Gordon
Chapter.11
Starch-Based.Edible.Films.and.Coatings.......................................................................................239
Mahesh Gupta, Charles Brennan, and Brijesh K. Tiwari
Chapter.12
Starch.as.a.Feedstock.for.Bioproducts.and.Packaging...................................................................255
Gregory M. Glenn, Syed H. Imam, William J. Orts, and Kevin Holtman
Chapter.13
Chemometric.Analysis.of.Multicomponent.Biodegradable.Plastics.by.
Fourier.Transform.Infrared.Spectrometry:.The.R-Matrix.Method................................................271
Sherald H. Gordon
Chapter.14
Starch.Polymer.as.Advanced.Material.for.Industrial.and.Consumer.Products..............................287
Randal L. Shogren
Chapter.15
Recent.Progress.in.Starch-Based.Biodegradable.Hybrids.and.Nanomaterials..............................301
Peter R. Chang, Xiaofei Ma, Debbie P. Anderson, and Jiugao Yu
Chapter.16
Mechanical,.Rheological,.and.Thermal.Properties.of.Starch-Based.Nanocomposites..................325
Jasim Ahmed
Chapter.17
Starch.Nanocomposites.and.Nanoparticles:.Biomedical.Applications...........................................361
Anitha R. Dudhani
Contents v
Chapter.18
Application.of.Life.Cycle.Assessment.for.Starch.and.Starch.Blends.............................................373
Ali Abas Wani and Preeti Singh
Preface
Biodegradable.polymers.from.renewable.resources.have.attracted.much.attention.in.recent.years..
Starch.has.been.considered.as.one.of.the.most.promising.candidates.among.biopolymers.mainly.
because.of.its.attractive.combination.of.availability.and.price..Starch.is.unique.in.its.applica-
tion.and.versatility..In.addition.to.its.contribution.to.processing.industries,.research.on.starch.is.
currently.more.focused.on.the.development.of.biodegradable.packaging.materials.and.the.syn-
thesis.of.starch.derivatives,.bionanoparticles,.and.bionanocomposites..In.order.to.extend.applica-
tions.of.starch.as.primary.packaging.materials,.current.research.has.focused.on.starch.blends,.
especially.starch/polyester.(e.g.,.polylactides.[PLA],.polycaprolactone.[PCL],.and.polybutylene.
succinate.[PBS]).biodegradable.blends..However,.starch/polyester.blends.are.not.compatible.for.
blending.and,.therefore,.a.reactive.compatibilization.process.known.as.reactive.extrusion.is.used.
to.synthesize.starch/polyester.blends.at.high.starch.levels.(>20.wt%)..The.process.can.also.be.
expanded.to.plasticized.starch.and.nanocomposites.by.incorporating.nanoparticles.in.the.blend..
Such.nanocomposites.exhibit.improved.mechanical.strength,.solvent.and.UV.resistance,.gas.bar-
rier.properties,.thermal.stability,.and.flame.retardancy.as.compared.to.conventional.composites..
Rheological.and.mechanical.properties.during.plasticization.and.nanocomposite.formation.pro-
vide.a.better.understanding.of.structural.modification.and.degree.of.dispersions.of.nanoparticles.
into.biopolymers.
The.starch.industry.is.one.the.largest.manufacturing.industries,.and.the.significant.contribution.
of.food.professionals.to.the.industry.is.well.recognized..A.professional.food/starch.scientist.should.
be.aware.of.the.latest.developments.in.starch.chemistry,.rheology,.starch.derivatives,.starch-based.
nanocomposites,.and.their.applications..Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites:
Chemistry, Processing and Applications.has.been.written.primarily.to.fulfill.those.expectations.and.
is.intended.for.students.undertaking.graduate.courses.in.food.science,.food.technology,.biotechnol-
ogy,.human.nutrition,.and.related.areas..The.book.has.particular.relevance.to.students’.understand-
ing.of.starch.from.basics.to.applications.as.well.as.for.their.future.professions..It.should.also.be.of.
interest.to.graduates.of.other.disciplines.who.are.working.in.starch-related.industries.
The.chapters.in.this.book.have.been.contributed.by.leading.experts.who.have.both.academic.and.
professional.credentials..We.are.thankful.to.our.contributors.for.their.wonderful.cooperation.and,.
finally,.we.are.indebted.to.our.families.for.their.continued.support.throughout.the.project..It.is.worth.
mentioning.that.there.was.an.excellent.coordination.among.editors.that.resulted.in.delivering.the.
book.on.time..Our.special.thanks.to.Steve.Zollo,.Senior.Editor.of.Taylor.&.Francis,.for.his.constant.
encouragement.and.excellent.communication.
vii
Editors
Dr. Jasim Ahmed.has.been.associated.with.food.processing.teaching,.research,.and.industry.in.
India,.Canada,.and.the.Middle.East.for.about.two.decades..He.is.mostly.involved.in.research.areas.
on.food.product.development,.food.rheology.and.structure,.novel.food.processing,.and.the.thermal.
behavior.of.foods..His.current.research.focus.is.on.bionanocomposites.and.application.to.food.pack-
aging..Dr..Ahmed.recently.moved.to.the.Kuwait.Institute.for.Scientific.Research,.Kuwait.as.research.
scientist.to.develop.the.Food.Processing.Program..He.has.published.92.peer-reviewed.research.
papers.and.21.book.chapters..Dr..Ahmed.is.coeditor.of.four.books.including.Novel Food Processing:
Effects on Rheological and Functional Properties.(CRC.Press.Publication).and.Handbook of Food
Process Design.(Wiley-Blackwell)..Dr..Ahmed.is.one.of.the.editors.of.the.International Journal of
Food Properties.
Dr. Brijesh K. Tiwari.is.a.lecturer.in.food.engineering.at.Manchester.Metropolitan.University.
(MMU),.United.Kingdom,.and.a.senior.consultant.at.Manchester.Food.Research.Centre,.United.
Kingdom..Prior.to.joining.MMU,.he.was.a.lecturer.in.biosystems.engineering.at.University.College.
Dublin,.Ireland..Dr..Tiwari.served.the.Indian.Institute.of.Crop.Processing.Technology.as.a.research.
scientist.(2004–2006),.where.he.was.actively.involved.in.developing.a.research.portfolio.in.grain.
processing..He.was.also.responsible.for.numerous.consultancy.assignments,.technology.transfer.
projects,.and.the.management.of.a.number.of.industry-focused.research.projects..His.main.research.
accomplishments.are.in.the.areas.of.novel.food.processing.and.preservation.technologies,.grain.
processing,.and.mathematical.modeling.of.food.processes..To.date.he.has.contributed.about.50.peer-
reviewed.Science.Citation.Index–listed.journal.publications.and.20.chapters.published.in.books.by.
leading.publishers;.he.has.also.presented.over.30.refereed.conference.papers.at.key.international.
research.conferences..Dr..Tiwari.is.a.coeditor.of.four.books:.Pulse Foods: Quality, Technology, and
Nutraceutical Application.(Elsevier);.Ozone in Food Processing.(Wiley-Blackwell,.in.development);.
Novel Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies for Fluid Foods.(Elsevier);.and.the.Handbook of
Phytochemicals: Sources, Stability and Extraction.(Wiley-Blackwell)..He.is.also.the.book.series.
editor.for.IFST.Food.Processing.Technology.
Dr. Syed H. Imam.is.a.senior.research.chemist.at.the.United.States.Department.of.Agriculture,.
Albany..He.conducts.research.to.enhance.the.utilization.of.agriculturally.derived.renewable.polymers.
for.nonfood.applications.as.an.alternative.to.petroleum.chemicals.and.provides.fundamental.knowl-
edge.in.the.development.of.polymer-based.materials.of.tailored.properties..With.over.25.years.of.
research.experience,.Dr..Imam.is.internationally.recognized.for.his.accomplishments.and.contribu-
tions.in.the.field..He.has.authored.or.coauthored.over.130.publications.in.peer-reviewed.professional.
journals,.delivered.over.180.invited.talks.at.national.and.international.meetings,.and.has.numerous.
patents.to.his.credit..He.has.served.on.the.ASTM-D20.Committee.on.Biodegradable.Polymers.
and.currently.serves.as.a.U.S..representative.on.the.UNIDO–ICS.Expert.Panel.on.Biodegradable.
Polymers.and.Materials..He.is.a.member.of.the.editorial.boards.of.the.Journal of Polymers and
the Environment.and.the.International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology.and.serves.as.
an.associate.editor.of.the.Journal of Bioenergy and Biomaterials..He.is.a.chief.editor.of.the.ACS.
book.titled.Biopolymers: Natures Advanced Materials.published.in.1998.by.the.Oxford.University.
Press..He.is.also.a.coeditor.of.another.book.titled.Produce Degradation: Reaction Pathways and
Prevention.published.in.2005.by.CRC.Press.
Dr. M.A. Rao.is.an.emeritus.professor.at.Cornell.University,.Geneva,.New.York..His.main.research.
interest.is.in.rheological.properties.of.foods:.principles,.measurement,.and.applications..He.is.a.
fellow.of.the.Institute.of.Food.Technologists,.the.Association.of.Food.Scientists.and.Technologists.
ix
x editors
(India),.and.the.International.Academy.of.Food.Science.and.Technology..He.was.conferred.the.
Lifetime.Achievement.Award.by.the.International.Association.of.Engineering.and.Food.in.2011,.
the.Scott.Blair.Award.for.his.contributions.to.food.rheology.by.the.American.Association.of.Cereal.
Chemists.in.2000,.and.an.honorary.membership.by.the.Brazilian.Association.of.Rheology.in.2011..
He.has.also.been.chosen.as.a.distinguished.food.engineer.by.the.Food.Process.Engineering.Institute.
of.the.American.Society.of.Agricultural.Engineers.in.2003..Dr..Rao.was.awarded.Fulbright–Hays.
senior.scholarships.to.Brazil,.1980–1981,.and.to.Portugal,.1988–1989..He.has.contributed.about.
250.journal.papers.and.book.chapters.on.food.rheology.and.food.engineering..He.is.the.editor.
of.the.book.Rheology of Fluid and Semisolid Foods: Principles and Applications,.second.edi-
tion,.Springer,.New.York,.2007,.and.a.coeditor.of.Engineering Properties of Foods,.third.edition,.
Taylor.&.Francis,.Boca.Raton,.Florida,.2005..He.is.also.a.scientific.editor.of.the.Food.Engineering.
and.Physical.Properties.section.of.the.Journal of Food Science.
