Table Of ContentStar-FormationRatesofGalaxies
Star-formation is one of the key processes that shape the current state and evolution of galaxies.
This volume provides a comprehensive presentation of the different methods used to measure the
intensity of recent or ongoing star-forming activity in galaxies, discussing their advantages and
complications in detail. It includes a thorough overview of the theoretical underpinnings of star-
formation rate indicators, including topics such as stellar evolution and stellar spectra, the stellar
initial mass function, and the physical conditions in the interstellar medium. The authors bring
together in one place detailed and comparative discussions of traditional and new star-formation
rate indicators, star-formation rate measurements in different spatial scales, and comparisons of
star-formation rate indicators probing different stellar populations, along with the corresponding
theoreticalbackground.Thisisausefulreferenceforstudentsandresearchersworkinginthefieldof
extragalacticastrophysicsandstudyingstar-formationinlocalandhigher-redshiftgalaxies.
Andreas Zezas isProfessorattheUniversityofCrete.HestudiestheX-rayemissionfrom
galaxiesanditsconnectionwiththeircurrentandpaststar-formingactivity.Hehasco-authoredover
200refereedpublicationsandhasbeenawardedanERCConsolidatorgrant.
Véronique Buat isProfessorofAstrophysicsatAix-MarseilleUniversityandSeniorMem-
beroftheAcademicInstituteofFrance(IUF).Sheworksonlargemulti-wavelengthgalaxysurveys
anddevelopsmodelstostudystarformationandinterstellarobscurationfromthelocaltothedistant
universe.
CAMBRIDGE ASTROPHYSICS SERIES
Serieseditors:
AndrewKing,DouglasLin,StephenMaran,JimPringle,MartinWardandRobertKennicutt
Titlesavailableintheseries
28. CataclysmicVariableStars
byBrianWarner
29. TheMagellanicClouds
byBengtE.Westerlund
30. GlobularClusterSystems
byKeithM.AshmanandStephenE.Zepf
33. TheOriginandEvolutionofPlanetaryNebulae
bySunKwok
34. SolarandStellarMagneticActivity
byCarolusJ.SchrijverandCornelisZwaan
35. TheGalaxiesoftheLocalGroup
bySidneyvandenBergh
36. StellarRotation
byJean-LouisTassoul
37. ExtremeUltravioletAstronomy
byMartinA.BarstowandJayB.Holberg
39. CompactStellarX-raySources
editedbyWalterH.G.LewinandMichielvanderKlis
40. EvolutionaryProcessesinBinaryandMultipleStars
byPeterEggleton
41. ThePhysicsoftheCosmicMicrowaveBackground
byPavelD.Naselsky,DmitryI.NovikovandIgorD.Novikov
42. MolecularCollisionsintheInterstellarMedium,2ndEdition
byDavidFlower
43. ClassicalNovae,2ndEdition
editedbyM.F.BodeandA.Evans
44. UltravioletandX-raySpectroscopyoftheSolarAtmosphere
byKennethJ.H.Phillips,UriFeldmanandEnricoLandi
45. FromLuminousHotStarstoStarburstGalaxies
byPeterS.Conti,PaulA.CrowtherandClausLeitherer
46. SunspotsandStarspots
byJohnH.ThomasandNigelO.Weiss
47. AccretionProcessesinStarFormation,2ndEdition
byLeeHartmann
48. PulsarAstronomy,4thEdition
byAndrewLyneandFrancisGraham-Smith
49. AstrophysicalJetsandBeams
byMichaelD.Smith
50. MaserSourcesinAstrophysics
byMalcolmGray
51. Gamma-rayBursts
editedbyChryssaKouveliotou,RalphA.M.J.WijersandStanWoosley
52. PhysicsandChemistryofCircumstellarDustShells
byHans-PeterGailandErwinSedlmayr
53. CosmicMagneticFields
byPhilippP.Kronberg
54. TheImpactofBinaryStarsonStellarEvolution
byGiacomoBeccariandHenriM.J.Boffin
55. Star-FormationRatesofGalaxies
editedbyAndreasZezasandVe´roniqueBuat
Star-Formation Rates of Galaxies
Editedby
ANDREAS ZEZAS
UniversityofCrete
VE´RONIQUE BUAT
Aix-MarseilleUniversity
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
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79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107184169
DOI:10.1017/9781316875445
©AndreasZezasandVe´roniqueBuat2021
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2021
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-1-107-18416-9Hardback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/galaxies.
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URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
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accurateorappropriate.
Contents
ListofFigures pageix
ListofTables xii
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xv
PartI Background 1
1 Introduction 3
samuel boissier and giulia rodighiero
1.1 StarFormationintheContextofGalaxyEvolution 3
1.2 Definitions 4
1.3 MeasuringStar-FormationRates 5
1.4 Star-Formation‘Laws’ 7
1.5 TheStar-FormationRateHistoryofGalaxies 13
2 TheInitialMassFunctionofStarsandtheStar-FormationRatesofGalaxies 25
pavel kroupa and tereza jerabkova
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 CantheInitialMassFunctionBeMeasured? 27
2.3 WhatIstheShapeoftheInitialMassFunction? 28
2.4 WhatIstheMathematicalNatureoftheInitialMassFunction? 29
2.5 DoestheInitialMassFunctionVary? 36
2.6 Is the Initial Mass Function of a Simple Stellar Population Equal
toThatofaCompositePopulation? 40
2.7 ImplicationsfortheSFRsofGalaxies 50
2.8 Conclusion 53
3 StellarPopulations,StellarEvolution,andStellarAtmospheres 67
j. j. eldridge and e. r. stanway
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 StellarEvolution 67
v
vi Contents
3.3 StellarAtmospheres 74
3.4 PrinciplesofStellarPopulationandSpectralSynthesis 77
3.5 ExistingPopulationSynthesisModels 83
3.6 FurtherConsiderations 85
3.7 LookingtotheFuture... 88
4 DustExtinction,Attenuation,andEmission 96
karl d. gordon
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Extinction 96
4.3 Attenuation 100
4.4 Emission 104
4.5 Recommendations–ResolvedStellarPopulations 107
4.6 Recommendations–IntegratedObservations 107
PartII SFRMeasurements 113
5 Star-FormationRatesfromResolvedStellarPopulations 115
john. s. gallagher iii, andrew cole, and elena sabbi
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 BriefHistoricalOverview 116
5.3 Star-FormationRates 118
5.4 LifetimeStar-FormationHistories 127
5.5 FutureWork 134
6 Star-FormationMeasurementsinNearbyGalaxies 145
daniela calzetti
6.1 ConditionsforaReliableStar-FormationRateIndicator 145
6.2 Star-FormationRatesofStar-FormingRegions 146
6.3 Star-FormationRateswithinGalaxies 154
6.4 Summary 155
7 ContinuumandEmission-LineStar-FormationRateIndicators 159
me´de´ric boquien and daniel dale
7.1 ObservingStarFormationinGalaxies 159
7.2 TheoreticalConsiderations 161
7.3 ObservationalConstraints 176
7.4 Summary 179
8 Star-FormationRatesfromSpectralEnergyDistributionsofGalaxies 184
denis burgarella
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 WhySpectralEnergyDistributionstoEstimatetheStar-Formation
Rate? 185
Contents vii
8.3 What Information Can Be Extracted from the Spectral Energy
Distribution? 189
8.4 How to Estimate the Quality of the Fits and the Physical
ParametersAssociatedtotheStarFormation? 193
8.5 WhatKindofStar-FormationHistory? 195
8.6 CodesandIngredients 197
9 ModellingtheSpectralEnergyDistributionofStar-FormingGalaxies
withRadiativeTransferMethods 204
cristina popescu
9.1 Introduction 204
9.2 ThePropagationofStarlightinStar-FormingGalaxies 206
9.3 MainIngredients 207
9.4 GeometriesforStarsandDust 208
9.5 CalculatingtheSEDofGalaxies 210
9.6 Applications of Radiative-Transfer Modelling: Fitting the SEDs
ofGalaxiesandMeasuringTheirSFRs 212
9.7 ComparisonbetweenRadiative-TransferModels
andPhenomenologicalModels 218
9.8 Conclusion 219
10 MeasuringtheStar-FormationRateinActiveGalacticNuclei 225
brent groves
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 ThePhysicsofanAGNandItsEmission 226
10.3 X-rayIdentification 228
10.4 UltravioletandOpticalContinuum 228
10.5 EmissionLines 229
10.6 Mid-InfraredEmission 232
10.7 Far-InfraredEmission 234
10.8 RadioContinuum 235
10.9 Summary 236
11 High-EnergyStar-FormationRateIndicators 243
andreas zezas
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 X-rayEmissionfromGalaxies 243
11.3 ScalingRelationsbetweenX-rayEmissionandStellarPopulations 247
11.4 X-rayBinaryLuminosityFunctions 254
11.5 Age and Metallicity Dependence of X-ray Binary Formation
EfficiencyandLuminosityFunctions 255
11.6 X-rayBinaryPopulationSynthesisModels 259
11.7 X-rayEmissionasSFRIndicator:PromiseandComplications 260
viii Contents
11.8 SupernovaeandSupernovaRemnants 262
11.9 γ-rayEmissionandStarFormation 264
11.10 γ-rayBurstsasStar-FormationRateProbes 267
11.11 GravitationalWavesasStar-FormationRateProbes 268
11.12 Summary 269
Index 279
