Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems by Hiteshi Sharma Bachelor of Technology, Punjab Technical ...

67 Pages·2017·1.07 MB·English

Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems
by
Hiteshi Sharma
Bachelor of Technology, Punjab Technical University, 2012
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE
in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
(cid:13)c Hiteshi Sharma, 2018
University of Victoria
All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by
photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author.
ii
Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems
by
Hiteshi Sharma
Bachelor of Technology, Punjab Technical University, 2012
Supervisory Committee
Dr. Fayez Gebali, Supervisor
(Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering)
Dr. T. Aaron Gulliver, Member
(Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering)
iii
ABSTRACT
Portugal is highly dependent on imported fuels when it comes to the energy sector. The
government continuously aims at creating a sustainable and competitive renewable energy
system. The need for balancing the supply and load demand in the electrical sector is
a priority. To promote economic development in Portugal, the government always intend
to initiate new projects like the construction of the solar plant. The United Kingdom
(UK) solar company WELink Energy will develop a 220MW solar plant in south Portugal
and have signed an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) agreement with
China Triumph International Engineering Cooperation (CTIEC). There are 4 ongoing solar
projects in Algarve that will produce enough electricity to fulfill the load demand. The
problem that the government is facing is the expansion of hybrid power system using other
renewable resources in order to overcome climatic changes. In order to design a hybrid
system, it is very important for the government to consider the minimum net present cost
configuration for fulfilling the load demand. The standalone hybrid system consists of a
photovoltaic array (PV), a wind turbine (WT), a diesel generator (DG) and a battery.
Different scenarios have been considered using HOMER software to obtain the lowest net
present cost of the hybrid system. The results will establish the configuration to eradicate
the problems the villagers are undergoing due to unavailability of electricity. This will lead
to enhanced job opportunities and better living conditions in Algarve.
iv
Contents
Supervisory Committee ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Acknowledgements ix
Dedication x
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem definition and motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objective of the Thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Outline of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Wind , PV and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 PV and Diesel Generator and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Wind , PV , Hydro and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Wind , Diesel Generator and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 PV , Hydro , Diesel Generator and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 Wind , PV and Fuel Cell Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.7 Wind , PV , Diesel Generator and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.8 Wind , PV , Diesel Generator , Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid System. . . . 8
2.9 PV Biomass and Battery Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.10 Micro-power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
v
3 Modelling System Components 10
3.1 Introduction to HOMER Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.1 Principle of Operation in HOMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Review of Photovoltaic Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.2 Incremental Conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.3 Constant Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Wind Turbine Conversion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.1 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.2 Betz Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.3 Operating Region of the Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.4 Electrical Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.5 Power Conversion Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.6 Rectification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.7 Bidirectional Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.8 Mathematical Model of Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.9 Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.10 Mathematical Model of Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.1 Battery Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4.2 Mathematical Model of Battery Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5 Diesel Generator Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.1 Diesel Generator Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5.2 Diesel Generator Sizing in Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5.3 Mathematical Model of Diesel Generator Subsystem . . . . . . . . . 26
4 System Configuration and Simulation Results 27
4.1 Selection of Study Area and Load Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.1 Input to renewable systems using HOMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.2 Photovoltaic Resource Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.3 Wind Turbine Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.4 Battery Bank Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.5 Diesel Generator Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.6 Converter Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2 HOMER Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 System Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vi
4.5.1 Optimization of Hybrid PV Wind Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5.2 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5.3 Minimization of Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5.4 Scenario 1- PV , Diesel Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.5 Scenario 2- PV , Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.6 Simulation Scenario 3- PV , Wind Turbine , Diesel Generator . . . . 38
4.5.7 Scenario 4- PV , Wind Turbine , Diesel Generator . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.8 Scenario 5- PV , Wind Turbine , Diesel Generator . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.9 Scenario 6- PV , Diesel Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5.10 Scenario 7- PV , Wind Turbine , Diesel Generator . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.5.11 Scenario 8- PV , Diesel Generator , Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.5.12 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5 Conclusion 49
5.1 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bibliography 51
vii
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Load Profile Month (kW) vs. Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 4.2 Input Photovoltaic Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Table 4.3 Average Monthly Wind Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 4.4 Storage Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 4.5 Result for Scenario 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 4.6 Electrical Production for Scenario 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 4.7 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 4.8 Result for Scenario 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 4.9 Electrical Production for Scenario 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 4.10 Result for Scenario 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 4.11 Electrical Production for Scenario 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 4.12 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 4.13 Result for Scenario 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 4.14 Electrical Production for Scenario 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 4.15 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 4.16 Result for Scenario 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 4.17 Electrical Production for Scenario 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 4.18 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table 4.19 Result for Scenario 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table 4.20 Electrical Production for Scenario 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Table 4.21 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Table 4.22 Result for Scenario 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Table 4.23 Electrical Production for Scenario 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Table 4.24 Result for Scenario 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Table 4.25 Electrical Production for Scenario 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 4.26 Diesel Hours of Operation for Scenario 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
viii
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Schematic of the overall system [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 3.2 Solar cell circuit diagram [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 3.3 I-V characteristics of the solar cell [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 3.4 Wind turbine operating regions [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Fayez Gebali for his
support, encouragement and continuous motivation during my research. I would like to
thank him for sharing his immense knowledge and guiding me to make my report better
at every step. I would also like to express my gratitude to my university, for giving me
an insight of my project and offering me an opportunity to study with them in a highly
knowledgeable university helped me in exhibiting my leadership qualities in a diversify
environment. My sincere thanks to the library of University of Victoria for providing me
productive information that was beneficial for my research. Lastly I would like to thank
my family members for their constant support and being my strength throughout my life.
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DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate my work to Professor Dr. Fayez Gebali, the late Dr. Subhasis
Nandi, my parents Mr N.K Sharma, Mrs Vanita Sharma, my husband Mr Ishatpreet Singh
Grewal and my mother in law Mrs Jasbir Kaur Grewal.