Table Of ContentS T A G I N G
GROWTH
MODERNIZATION,
DEVELOPMENT,
AND
THE
GLOBAL COLD WAR
EDITED BY
DAVID C. ENGERMAN
UNIVERSITY OF NILS GILMAN
MASSACHUSETTS PRESS MARK H. HAEFELE
AMHERST AND BOSTON MICHAEL E. LATHAM
Copyright © 2003 by University of Massachusetts Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
LC 2002013898
ISBN 1-55849-369-7 (library cloth); 370-0 (paper)
Designed by Milenda Nan Ok Lee
Set in Adobe Minion and Futura Bold
Printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Staging growth : modernization, development, and the global Cold War /
edited by David C. Engerman ... [et al.].
p. cm. — (Culture, politics, and the cold war)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55849-369-7 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-55849-370-0
(pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Globalization. 2. World politics. 3. Democracy. 4. Political
culture. 5. Cultural policy. 6. Social change—Cross-cultural studies.
7. Developing countries—Economic conditions. I. Engerman, David C,
1966- II. Series.
D857 .S73 2003
338.9—dc2i
2002013898
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data are available.
To Our Teachers
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
Foreword
Akira Iriye xi
Introduction:
Modernization, International History, and the Cold War World
Michael E. Latham 1
Part I: Developing Modernization
Modernization Theory and the American Revival of the Scientific
and Technological Standards of Social Achievement and Human Worth
Michael Adas 25
Modernization Theory, the Highest Stage of American
Intellectual History
Nils Gilman 47
CONTENTS
Walt Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth: Ideas and Action
Mark H. Haefele 81
Part II: Celebrating Modernization
Selling Capitalism:
Modernization and U.S. Overseas Propaganda, 1945-1959
Laura Belmonte 107
Musicals and Modernization:
Rodgers and Hammerstein’s The King and I
Christina Klein 129
Part III: Contesting Modernization around the World
Estado Novo, Homem Novo (New State, New Man):
Colonial and Anticolonial Development Ideologies in
Mozambique, 1930-1977
Michael Mahoney 165
West Meets East:
The Center for International Studies and Indian Economic
Development
David C. Engerman 199
Modernization and Democratic Values:
The “Japanese Model” in the 1960s
Victor Koschmann 225
Koreanizing Modernization:
Modernization Theory and South Korean Intellectuals
Gregg Andrew Brazinsky 251
Notes on Contributors 275
Index 277
[viuj
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals and institutions helped us complete this volume. The
history departments at Brandéis, Fordham, and Harvard all provided es
sential intellectual resources and support, as did Harvard’s Charles War
ren Center and the Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center
for Chinese and American Studies. A grant from the Mazer Fund at Bran
déis University supported the publication of this collection. We are grate
ful to Chris Appy, the series editor, and Clark Dougan, our editor at the
University of Massachusetts Press, for listening to our ideas, guiding us
through the production process, and showing us ways to produce abetter
book. Akira Iriye helped bring this project to conclusion. Finally, and
most important, we thank our contributors for their outstanding essays.
Michael Adas, Laura Belmonte, Gregg Brazinsky, Christina Klein, Victor
Koschmann, and Michael Mahoney all enriched our understanding of
modernization theory, development, and the Cold War world. By join
ing a scholarly “Mod Squad” that coordinated its efforts from places as
diverse as London, Oxford, Paris, Rome, Nerja, San Francisco, Ithaca,
New Haven, Los Angeles, Stillwater, Boston, Cambridge, New York, New
Brunswick, Washington, Tokyo, and Nanjing, they gave us some insight
into the global forces that will shape the future as well.
David C. Engerman
Nils Gilman
Mark H. Haefele
Michael E. Latham
FOREWORD
AKIRA IRIYE
For several years now, historians of international relations have been
raising important new questions and proposing fresh ways of dealing
with them. For too long, the scholarly literature in international his
tory has been satisfied with chronicling foreign policies and strategies
of states, in particular those that are called great powers. States as
powers have been taken as the key units of analysis, and their inter
actions at the geopolitical level have provided the usual scheme of
periodization. In the bulk of writings in the field, the most common
chronology is still one that privileges interstate conflict and wars.
However, some of the most imaginative of the younger scholars—as
well as a small minority among the older generation—have been dissat
isfied, if not bored, with conventional chronologies and state-centric
frameworks and have proposed new ways of examining the history of
international relations. For some of them, a thematic, not a chronolog
ical, approach to history has seemed to provide the clue to reexamina
tion, and for others a comparative global framework has appeared to be
preferable to conventional emphases on one or two nations.
AKIRA IRIYE
The contributors to this volume exemplify these new perspectives.
Most of their essays do take the Cold War as the basic chronological
framework, but they are far less interested in the origins and devel
opment of the Cold War than in using it in order to understand larger
themes, the themes of modernization and development. The essays,
therefore, are much less about the Cold War than about broader forces
that shaped the world in the second half of the twentieth century.
Actually, as some of the authors point out, modernization and devel
opment had emerged as key forces in world history much earlier, and
they proved to be far more enduring than wars, hot or cold. Moreover,
since modernization and development are transnational phenomena,
it makes little sense to discuss them merely in a national framework.
They are part of the phenomenon of globalization and, therefore, can
be understood only in a global comparative framework. Most of the
essays are self-consciously comparative, seeking to explore how differ
ent countries and cultures sought to grapple with the implications of
modem development.
The individual essays in this volume deal with modernization and
development in different contexts and look at their varied aspects. But
all the authors raise some fundamental questions. Is modernization
the same thing as Westernization? Is the idea of modernization uni
versally valid? Does modernization bring about global integration? Do
countries follow similar trajectories as they undertake development?
If so, will all nations and societies ultimately come to look alike, to
converge? Or, on the contrary, will different countries develop dif
ferently, owing to their indigenous cultural and “national character”
traits?
Put this way, the questions are those that are being addressed today
by commentators on the world scene. Writer after writer has been
fascinated by the polarity between what Benjamin R. Barber has
termed “McWorld” and “Jihad,” that is, between what sociologists call
“globality” and “locality.” Modernization and development have been
global forces, but this has not produced a homogenous world with
interchangeable parts. Even more interesting, despite the transnational
momentum created by forces of modernization and development, sov
ereign states as principal units of human action have been preserved.
Indeed, if the twentieth century was a century of globalization, it also
witnessed unprecedented scales of interstate slaughters and genocide.
