stabilization of tannery sludge through brick production md. ariful islam juel department of civil

144 Pages·2016·2.62 MB·English

STABILIZATION OF TANNERY SLUDGE THROUGH BRICK
PRODUCTION

MD. ARIFUL ISLAM JUEL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MAY, 2016
STABILIZATION OF TANNERY SLUDGE THROUGH BRICK
PRODUCTION

A thesis
By

MD. ARIFUL ISLAM JUEL
Roll Number: 0413042505P

A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Bangladesh University
of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree

of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

MAY, 2016
The thesis titled "STABILIZATION OF TANNERY SLUDGE THROUGH
BRICK PRODUCTION" submitted by Md. Ariful Islam Juel, Roll No:
0413042505P; Session: April, 2013 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.Sc. Engineering (Environmental)
on 07May,2016.
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
-ril-=.*--L-
Chairman
Dr. Tanvir Ahmed (Supervisor)
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka.
Member
(Ex-Officio)
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
W
BUET, Dhaka.
Member
Dr. A.B.M . Badruzzamat
Professor
s
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Tanvir Manztx Member
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim Member
Professor (External)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
IUT, Board Bazar, Gazipur.
DECLARATION
It is hereby declared that this thesis has been perforrred by the author uder the
supervision of Dr. Tanvir Ahme{ Associate Professor of the Deparment of Civil
Engineering, BUET. Neither this thesis nor any part of it has been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma'
Md. Adful Islam Juel
May,2016
lit
DEDICATED
TO
MY BELOVED FAMILY MEMBERS

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY ................................................................................... 4
1.3 OUTLINE OF METHODOLOGY................................................................................. 4
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................... 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 6
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TANNERY WASTEWATER ........................................... 6
2.3 TREATMENT METHODS FOR TANNERY WASTEWATER ................................ 8
2.3.1 Physical and Mechanical Treatment .................................................................. 9
2.3.2 Chemical Treatment ............................................................................................ 9
2.3.3 Biological Treatment ......................................................................................... 11
2.3.4 Advanced (tertiary) Treatment ........................................................................ 13
2.4 DEFINITION OF SLUDGE ......................................................................................... 14
2.4.1 Sedimentation and Sludge handling ................................................................. 14
2.5 GENERAL CHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM ............................................................. 15
2.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 15
2.5.2 Stable Oxidation States of Cr............................................................................ 15
vi
2.5.3 Chemistry of Cr (VI) ......................................................................................... 16
2.5.4 Chemical Reactivity of the Chromate Ion ....................................................... 17
2.5.5 Chemistry of Cr(III) .......................................................................................... 17
2.5.6 Toxicity to Plants and Microorganisms ........................................................... 18
2.5.7 Toxicity to Animals and Humans ..................................................................... 18
2.5.8 Chemistry of Soil Cr .......................................................................................... 19
2.5.9 Chromium Cycle in Soil and Water ................................................................. 19
2.5.10 Adsorption and Desorption of Cr(III).............................................................. 21
2.5.11 Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) .......................................................................... 22
2.6 TANNERY SLUDGE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES ............... 23
2.6.1 Landfilling .......................................................................................................... 23
2.6.2 Composting ......................................................................................................... 24
2.6.3 Incineration ........................................................................................................ 26
2.6.4 Pyrolysis/ Gasification ....................................................................................... 28
2.6.5 Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-Methanation) .......................................................... 29
2.6.6 Solidification and Stabilization (S/S) ................................................................ 32
2.7 MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS .............................................................................. 39
2.7.1 Raw materials ..................................................................................................... 39
2.7.2 Method of Manufacturing ................................................................................. 40
2.8 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON STABILIZATION OF SLUDGE THROUGH
FIRED CLAY BRICKS............................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 48
3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 48
3.2 COLLECTION OF SLUDGE SAMPLES ................................................................... 48
3.3 COLLECTION OF CLAY SAMPLES ........................................................................ 48
3.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE AND SOIL ....................................................... 50
3.5 HEAVY METAL DETERMINATION ....................................................................... 52
vii
3.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY – SLUDGE MIXTURE ....................................... 52
3.6.1 Atterberg tests .................................................................................................... 52
3.6.2 Compaction test .................................................................................................. 53
3.7 PREPARATION OF BRICKS ..................................................................................... 53
3.8 STANDARD TEST OF BRICKS ................................................................................. 56
3.8.1 Compressive strength of bricks ........................................................................ 56
3.8.2 Water absorption of bricks ............................................................................... 57
3.8.3 Weight loss on ignition....................................................................................... 58
3.8.4 Firing shrinkage of bricks ................................................................................. 58
3.8.5 Bulk density ........................................................................................................ 59
3.8.6 Soluble salt content and Electrical conductivity of bricks ............................. 59
3.9 FIRING ENERGY SAVING ........................................................................................ 59
3.10 LEACHING TEST OF BRICKS .................................................................................. 60
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................. 63
4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 63
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE ........................................................................... 63
4.3 HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SLUDGE ................................................................ 64
4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE – CLAY MIX .................................................. 67
4.4.1 Atterberg Limit .................................................................................................. 67
4.4.2 Compaction test .................................................................................................. 69
4.5 PROPERTIES OF FIRED BRICKS PREPARED AT LABORATORY ................. 69
4.5.1 Compressive strength of bricks ........................................................................ 70
4.5.2 Water absorption of bricks ............................................................................... 72
4.5.3 Weight loss on ignition....................................................................................... 73
4.5.4 Brick firing shrinkage........................................................................................ 74
4.5.5 Bulk density ........................................................................................................ 76
4.5.6 Soluble salt content and Electrical Conductivity of bricks ............................ 78
viii
4.6 ENERGY SAVING DURING FIRING ....................................................................... 79
4.7 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES WITH KILN FIRED BRICKS ........................ 79
4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SLUDGE AMENDED BRICKS .................... 81
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..... 85
5.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 85
5.2 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 85
5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 87
5.4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK ........................................................ 87
REFERENCES ................................................................................... 89
Appendix A ................................................................................... 97
Appendix B ................................................................................. 103
Appendix C ................................................................................. 114

ix
LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Standard Values of Physicochemical Parameters for Composting (Gautam
et al., 2010) .................................................................................................................. 25
Table 2.2. Desirable Range of Important Waste Parameters for Technical Viability of
Energy Recovery (Abajihad, 2012) ............................................................................. 31
Table 3.1. Analytical methods for characterization of clay, sludge and bricks. .......... 51
Table 4.1. Characteristics of different aged tannery sludge. ........................................ 63
Table 4.2. Concentration of heavy metals in tannery sludge and different legislations
for sludge utilization. ................................................................................................... 64
Table 4.3. Chemical composition (dry weight, %) of sludge and soil. ........................ 66
Table 4.4. Leaching of heavy metals from original sludge samples. ........................... 66
Table 4.5. Plasticity Index and properties of soil (Panjaitan, 2014) ............................ 67
Table 4.6. Effect of moisture content on OMC, Dry density, Liquid Limit, Plastic
Limit, and Plasticity Index of sludge-clay mixtures .................................................... 68
Table 4.7. Criteria of bricks in Bangladesh (BDS 208, 2009) ..................................... 71
Table 4.8. Compressive strength of bricks fired at 900°C, 950°C and 1000°C
temperature (n = 3). ..................................................................................................... 71
Table 4.9. Comparison of results found in present study with the results from other
studies for 10% sludge incorporated bricks fired at 1000°C. ...................................... 77
Table 4.10. Soluble salt content and electrical conductivity of sludge and TS bricks 78
Table 4.11. Calculation for energy saved per unit brick during firing of 10% and 20%
TS bricks ...................................................................................................................... 79
Table 4.12. Comparison of properties of sludge incorporated bricks made in kiln and
laboratory. .................................................................................................................... 80
Table 4.13. Result of the tank leaching tests in bricks samples after 8 extractions (64
days) according to NEN 7345. ..................................................................................... 82
Table 4.14. TCLP test result of TS amended bricks fired at 1000°C, 950°C and 900°C
temperature (n = 3) ...................................................................................................... 83

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