Table Of ContentAl-Tabbaa
Stegemann
Stabilisation/Solidification
Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation– Advances T S
in S/S for Waste and Contaminated Landcontains the 39 papers, r t
e a
summaries of the four keynote lectures and the seven State of a b Treatment and Remediation
Practice reports presented at the international conference organised t i
m l
by the EPSRC-funded network STARNET (Stabilisation/solidification i
e s Advances in S/S for Waste
treatment and remediation). A wide range of topics relating to the n a
stabilisation/solidification of waste and contaminated land are t t and Contaminated Land
i
addressed under the following themes: a o
n n
• Binders and technologies
d /
• Testing, QA/QC and guidance documents S
• Long-term performance and environmental impact R o
• Case studies e l
m i
d
• Stabilisation of untreated materials
e i
• Beyond conventional stabilisation/solidification f
d i
The conference was held on 12-13 April 2005 in Cambridge, UK. c
i Editors
a a
t t
Abir Al-Tabbaa
i i
o o
Julia A. Stegemann
n n
Balkema
STABILISATION/SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT AND REMEDIATION
ADVANCES IN S/S FOR WASTE AND CONTAMINATED LAND
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON STABILISATION/SOLIDIFICATION
TREATMENT AND REMEDIATION, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, UNITED KINGDOM,
12–13 APRIL 2005
Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment
and Remediation
Advances in S/S for Waste and Contaminated Land
Edited by
Abir Al-Tabbaa
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Julia A. Stegemann
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College London,
United Kingdom
A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LEIDEN/ LONDON/ NEWYORK/ PHILADELPHIA/ SINGAPORE
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Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation – Al-Tabbaa & Stegemann (eds)
©2005 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1537 460 X
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Conference organising and technical committee xi
Keynote lectures
The Landfill Directive and its implications for the remediation of contaminated soils 3
J.R. Gronow
Deep mixing – properties and applications 7
G. Holm
Stabilisation/solidification experience in France 11
P-Y. Klein & M.C. Magnié
Test methods, modelling, field verification and impact evaluation of stabilised waste disposal 15
H. van der Sloot, A. van Zomeren & R. Bleijerveld
Theme 1: Binders and technologies
Stabilisation/solidification of synthetic drill cuttings representing Ras Shukier oil field in Egypt 19
M.S. Al-Ansary & A. Al-Tabbaa
Effect of different binder systems on the stabilisation/solidification of metal finishing wastes 31
C.R. Cheeseman, G.D. Fowler & X. Zhou
Specifying cement – standards and nomenclature 39
C.A. Clear
An evaluation of pozzolanic lead immobilization mechanisms in firing range soils 45
D. Dermatas, X. Xu, X. Cao, G. Shen, N. Menounou, P. Arienti & J.S. Delaney
Chemical treatment of soft soils containing Cr(VI) with different clay minerals 57
Y. Hayashi, M. Mizota, A. Suzuki, Y. Kitazono & H. Harada
Applications of rejected fly ash in stabilization and solidification processes 63
C.S. Poon, X.C. Qiao & C. Cheeseman
Remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons using quicklime mixing 69
V. Schifano, C.L. MacLeod, A.W.L. Dudeney & R. Dudeney
A new cement system for waste immobilisation – calcium sulfoaluminate cement system 79
Q. Zhou, N.B. Milestone & M. Hayes
Theme 2: Testing, QA/QC and guidance documents
UK guidance on stabilisation/solidification for the treatment of contaminated soil 89
B.D. Bone, L.H. Barnard & C.D. Hills
The Rietveld method as a tool for assessing heavy-metal immobilization in 97
S/S treatment investigations
D. Dermatas & M. Chrysochoou
v
Modelling in support of setting the waste acceptance criteria for monolithic waste 107
D.H. Hall, D. Drury & J.R. Gronow
A review of scale-up factors potentially affecting the long-term performance 117
of s/s-treated materials
D. Johnson
Reduction in leaching of hazardous substances from coal ash by addition of solidification agent 125
A. Sato & S. Nishimoto
Theme 3: Long-term performance and environmental impact
Performance assessment of stabilised/solidified waste-forms: initial results from 133
site characterisation, sampling and testing
A. Antemir, C.D. Hills, P.J. Carey, J. Spear, K. Gardner, D.I. Boardman & C.D.F. Rogers
Characterisation of full-scale historic inactive cement-based intermediate level nuclear wasteforms 139
R.J. Caldwell, S. Rawlinson, E.J. Butcher & I.H. Godfrey
Accelerated ageing of a stabilised/solidified contaminated soil at elevated temperatures 149
B. Chitambira, A. Al-Tabbaa, A.S.R. Perera & X.D. Yu
The technical sustainability of in-situ stabilisation/solidification 159
M.J. Harbottle, A. Al-Tabbaa & C.W. Evans
Chromium (Cr3(cid:1)) leachability from monolithic solids under modified semi-dynamic 171
leaching conditions
D.H. Moon & D. Dermatas
The role of accelerated carbonation in the accelerated ageing of stabilised/solidified waste forms 181
A.S.R. Perera & A. Al-Tabbaa
Theme 4: Case studies
The development and operation of the BNFL Magnox encapsulation plant 195
N.J. Bowmer, I.H. Godfrey & E.J. Butcher
In-situ soil mixing treatment of contaminated soils at Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 199
C.W. Evans
Stabilisation/solidification of manufactured gas plant wastes: Part 1 – treatability study 205
M.A. Fleri, G.T. Whetstone & J.P. Bauman
Stabilisation/solidification of manufactured gas plant wastes: Part 2 – pilot test study 215
M.A. Fleri, G.T. Whetstone & J.P. Bauman
Stabilisation/solidification of manufactured gas plant wastes: Part 3 – selected case histories 223
M.A. Fleri, G.T. Whetstone & J.P. Bauman
Solidification of water treatment works sludge with ettringite cement and pulverised-fuel ash 235
D. Johnson
Stabilisation/solidification of dredging sludge containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 241
E. Mulder, L. Feenstra, J.P. Brouwer, J.W. Frenay & S. Bos
La Floridienne: the first large scale immobilization project in Belgium 249
S. Pensaert
The remediation of the acid tar lagoons, Rieme Belgium 255
S. Pensaert
vi
PIMS with Apatite II: A field scale demonstration on a lead contaminated soil 261
J. Wright, J.L. Conca & A.F. Slater
Industrial experiences in the use of S/S technology to remediate and reuse dredged sediments 267
E.P. Yates & W.J. Gush
Theme 5: Stabilisation of uncontaminated materials
Geosynthetic reinforcement of high-alkaline soils: Basics and two typical projects 277
D. Alexiew & G.J. Horgan
Influence of soil and binder properties on the efficacy of accelerated carbonation 285
L.H. Barnard, D.I. Boardman, C.D.F. Rogers, C.D. Hills, P.J. Carey, K. Canning & C.L. MacLeod
Properties of mixes of sugar cane fibre waste with cement binding 297
R. Jeetah, A. Seeboo, C.P. Khedun & T. Dusoruth
Recent advances in numerical modelling of deep-stabilized soil 303
M. Karstunen, H. Krenn & A. Aalto
Theme 6: Beyond conventional stabilisation/solidification
Lead contamination and immobilization at shooting range sites 313
X. Cao, D. Dermatas, G. Shen & L.Q. Ma
Effect of microbial activities on the mobility of copper in stabilised contaminated soil 323
U.E. Duru & A. Al-Tabbaa
Development of geomaterials with various immobilisation treatments for heavy
metals and evaluation of environmental impact 335
K. Omine, H. Ochiai & N. Yasufuku
Stabilization of chromium by reductase enzyme treatment 347
K.S.M. Rahman & M.A.V. Murthy
Stabilising inorganic contaminants in soils: considerations for the use of smart additives 357
H. Weigand, C. Gemeinhardt & C. Marb
State of practice reports
UK stabilisation/solidification treatment and remediation
Part I: Binders and technologies – basic principles 365
A. Al-Tabbaa & A.S.R. Perera
Part II: Binders and technologies – research 387
A. Al-Tabbaa & A.S.R. Perera
Part III: Binders and technologies – applications 399
A. Al-Tabbaa & A.S.R. Perera
Part IV: Testing and performance criteria 415
A.S.R. Perera, A. Al-Tabbaa, J.M. Reid & J.A. Stegemann
Part V: Long-term performance and environmental impact 437
A.S.R. Perera, A. Al-Tabbaa, J.M. Reid & D. Johnson
Part VI: Quality assurance and quality control 459
A.S.R. Perera, A. Al-Tabbaa & D. Johnson
Part VII: Good practice guidance documents 469
A.S.R. Perera, A. Al-Tabbaa & D. Johnson
Author index 487
vii
Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation – Al-Tabbaa & Stegemann (eds)
©2005 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1537 460 X
Preface
Stabilisation/Solidification (S/S) has emerged as an efficient method for the treatment of certain hazardous wastes
and contaminated ground and has become widely used. S/S technologies include a wide range of similar processes
that involve mixing inorganic cementitious or pozzolanic binders, such as Portland cement, coal fly ash or blast
furnace slag, into the waste or soil to transform it into a solid material of low leachability. The treated waste prod-
uct encapsulates potentially hazardous contaminants, reducing contact between the waste and any potential
leachant. In addition to physical encapsulation, various waste-binder interactions occur to chemically immobilise
contaminants in the product, further reducing the potential for pollutant transfer into the environment.
Although waste disposal to landfill is generally regarded as the least favoured waste management option,
hazardous industrial wastes that cannot be recycled or destroyed will continue to be produced and require
safe disposal. Despite incomplete information regarding the long-term durability and waste retention properties
of the materials produced by S/S, necessity, and the lack of other effective remediation methods, is driving these
types of technologies to become increasingly widely used in many countries. In France and the USA for example,
S/S is now seen as a major treatment technology for hazardous wastes. There has been some S/S used for waste treat-
ment in the UK during the last 15 years, but these technologies have, until now, not been able to compete with
direct co-disposal of hazardous and liquid industrial wastes and contaminated soils to landfill with municipal solid
wastes.
The EU Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, implemented in the UK under the Landfill Regulations 2002, is
having a significant impact on UK waste management. Under the Directive, landfill sites are classified as being
restricted to hazardous, non-hazardous or inert wastes; co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes has
been banned from 16 July 2004. Consequently, waste treatment prior to landfill disposal is likely to be increas-
ingly required. An EU Technical Adaptation Committee has set waste acceptance criteria for different classes of
landfill which will determined the degree of pre-treatment required and will affect the choice of treatment tech-
nologies. S/S technologies will almost certainly represent the most cost-effective treatment method available for
major types of industrial wastes that are predominantly inorganic.
There is also a legacy of industrially contaminated sites in the UK that require some form of remediation
before they can be redeveloped. This has become increasingly important in recent years, as greater environ-
mental awareness and growing pressure on land resources have brought about the protection of greenbelt
and agricultural land. The government has stated that it requires the construction of 2.4 million new homes by
the year 2016, 60% on brownfield sites, much of which was originally used for industrial purposes. However,
as a result of past usage, increased levels of pollution within the soil and groundwater may preclude such sites
from immediate construction activity. Some type of ground remediation is therefore required, the choice of
which is governed by performance, speed and economics. These requirements have promoted research into fast,
effective and economical remediation techniques that enable future land commercialisation. Again, S/S is
emerging as a cost-effective and rapid remediation method and has been commercially employed on sites
worldwide.
This book contains refereed papers presented at the International Conference on Stabilisation/Solidification
Treatment and Remediation – Advances in S/S for Waste and Contaminated Land. The objective of the confer-
ence is to share and disseminate the latest developments in the research and applications of S/S technologies.
The conference is organised by the UK EPSRC-funded network on stabilisation/solidification treatment and
remediation (STARNET). The conference was held at Cambridge University Engineering Department and
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge on 12–13 April 2005. In addition to the papers, the proceedings include
summaries of the keynote lectures and the seven state of practice reports on UK stabilisation/solidification
treatment and remediation produced as part of the STARNET activities over the past four years.
The papers in the proceedings are divided into the following six themes:
Binder and Technology Selection
Applicability of different types of binders and binder systems to wastes and contaminated soils
Testing,QA/QC and Good Practice Guidance Documents
Suitability of current test methods for evaluating performance of S/S systems, performance criteria, properties
of correctly treated S/S materials and guidance on the use of S/S
ix
