St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814-1974

496 Pages·1974·9.226 MB·English

by  Barbara Jelavich

St. Petersburg
and Moscow

St. Petersburg
and Moscow
Tsarist and Soviet
,
Foreign Policy
1814-1974
Barbara Jelavich
Indiana University Press
BLOOMINGTON LONDON
Copyright © 1974 by Indiana University Press
Most of Part I of this book appeared in A Century of Russian Foreign
Policy, 1814-1914, copyright © by J. B. Lippincott Co., 1964.
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of Ameri­
can University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only
exception to this prohibition.
Published in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Don Mills,
Ontario
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Jelavich, Barbara (Brightfield)
St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet
foreign policy, 1814-1974.
Bibliography: p. 458
i. Russia—Foreign relations—History. I. Title.
DK66.J4 32747 73-16337
ISBN 0-253-35050-6
ISBN 0-253-35051-4 (pbk.)
For Charles

UULFLFUU
Contents
PREFACE xi
Part I: Tsarist Russia
I The Eighteenth Century Background i
PETER THE GREAT 4
FROM PETER TO CATHERINE 13
CATHERINE THE GREAT 16
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 25
II Alexander I 28
ALEXANDER I AND NAPOLEON 2Ç
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 34
THE CONGRESS SYSTEM 45
THE EASTERN QUESTION 53
THE REVOLT OF SERBIA 61
THE GREEK REVOLUTION 64
III Nicholas I 71
THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1828 73
PERSIA AND THE CAUCASUS 81
THE EGYPTIAN QUESTION 84
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 9*
vii
CONTENTS Vitt
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 102
THE CRIMEAN WAR 113
Alexander II 125
THE PEACE OF PARIS 128
THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE, 1856-1863 133
/. The Balkans, 1856-1863 136
2. Italy and Poland 141
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 147
THE THREE EMPERORS’ LEAGUE 157
THE ASIATIC FRONTIERS l6l
/. The Far East 161
2. Central Asia 168
THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878 172
Alexander III 189
THE REVIVAL OF THE THREE EMPERORS’ LEAGUE IÇI
THE AFGHAN BORDER DISPUTE 198
THE BULGARIAN CRISIS 201
THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE 2 I 3
Nicholas II 222
THE NEAR EAST IN THE 1890’s 225
THE FAR EAST TO 1905 232
THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE 249
THE REVIVAL OF THE EASTERN QUESTION 2 56
1914 273
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914-1918 280
Part II: The Soviet Union
Lenin 291
THE NEW DIRECTION: BREST-LITOVSK 297
CIVIL WAR AND INTERVENTION 3OI
CONTENTS IX
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM: THE COMINTERN 305
RELATIONS WITH EUROPE 311
EAST AND NEAR EAST 324
VIII Stalin 333
RUSSIA AND EUROPE, 1927-1933 334
COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND POPULAR FRONTS 340
THE GERMAN ALLIANCE 350
WAR AND WESTERN ALLIANCE 358
THE AMERICAN RIVALRY: DIVIDED WORLD POLITICS 370
EAST EUROPE: SUBMISSION AND CHALLENGE 377
EAST ASIA: CHINA POLICY 381
THE COLONIAL WORLD 39O
IX Khrushchev 396
RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES:
EUROPEAN ISSUES 399
EAST EUROPE 405
CHINA 409
THIRD WORLD ADVENTURES 413
X Brezhnev 420
RELATIONS WITH THE WESTERN POWERS 42 I
EAST EUROPEAN INTERVENTION 427
THE CHINESE CHALLENGE 43O
SOUTHERN ASIA AND THE NEAR EAST 434
Conclusion: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy 443
Suggested References 458
Index 465
Maps
Europe Around 1700 5
Acquisitions of Peter the Great 11
Acquisitions of Catherine the Great 2 3
Partitions of Poland 24
Europe in 1815 40
The Ottoman Empire in 1815 54
Treaty of Adrianople 77
Greece in 1832 79
Rumania in 1861 138
Europe in 1871 158
Asia (Russia and China) in i860 164
Central Asia in 1895 I7°
The Treaty of San Stefano 183
The Congress of Berlin 183
Asia (Russia and China) in 1904 244
Nationality Map of Austria-Hungary 259
The Balkans in 1914 271
Europe in World War I 283
Europe after World War I 313
Central and Eastern Europe after World War II 371
The Far East, 1945 387
Southeast Asia, 1954 392
The Arab Nations, 1970 439