Springer Handbook of Materials Data

1146 Pages·2018·75.319 MB·English

by  Hans Warlimont, Werner Martienssen

Springer

Handbook
oƒ
Materials
Data
Warlimont
Martienssen
Editors
2nd Edition
123
Springer Handbook
of Materials Data
Springer Handbooks provide
aconcisecompilationofapproved
key information on methods of
research, general principles, and
functionalrelationshipsinphysical
andappliedsciences.Theworld’s
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Thevolumesaredesignedtobe
usefulasreadabledeskbooktogive
afastandcomprehensiveoverview
and easy retrieval of essential re-
liable key information, including
tables,graphs,andbibliographies.
Referencestoextensivesourcesare
provided.
H
Springer
Handbook
of Materials Data
Hans Warlimont, Werner Martienssen (Eds.)
2nd Edition
With1110Figuresand1007Tables
K
Editors
HansWarlimont
AmNeuseserWeinberg2
63579Freigericht,Germany
WernerMartienssen(cid:2)
FrankfurtamMain,Germany
ISBN:978-3-319-69741-3 e-ISBN:978-3-319-69743-7
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69743-7
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V
Preface to the First Edition
The Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data is the realization
of a new concept in reference literature, which combines introductory and explana-
tory texts with a compilation of selected data and functional relationships from the
fieldsofsolid-statephysicsandmaterialsinasinglevolume.Thedatahavebeenex-
tracted from various specialized and morecomprehensivedatasources, in particular
theLandolt–Börnsteindatacollection,aswellasmorerecentpublications.ThisHand-
bookis designedtobeusedas adesktopreference bookforfastandeasyfindingof
essentialinformationandreliablekeydata.Referencestomoreextensivedatasources
areprovidedineachsection.ThemainusersofthisnewHandbookareenvisagedto
bestudents,scientists,engineers,andotherknowledge-seekingpersonsinterestedand
engagedinthefieldsofsolid-statesciencesandmaterialstechnologies.
Theeditorshavestriventofindauthorsfortheindividualsectionswhowereexpe-
riencedinthefullbreadthoftheirsubjectfieldandreadytoprovidesuccinctaccounts
in the form of both descriptive text and representative data. It goes without saying
thatthesectionsrepresenttheindividualapproachesoftheauthorstotheirsubjectand
theirunderstandingofthistask.Accordingly,thesectionsvarysomewhatincharacter.
While some editorial influence was exercised, the flexibility that we have shown is
deliberate.Theeditorsaregratefultoalloftheauthorsfortheirreadinesstoprovide
acontribution,andto cooperateindeliveringtheirmanuscriptsandbyacceptinges-
sentiallyall alterations which theeditors requested to achieveareasonably coherent
presentation.
An oneroustask suchas this couldnothavebeencompletedwithoutencourage-
mentandsupportfromthepublisher.Springerhasentrusteduswiththisnovelproject,
andDr.HubertusvonRiedeselhasbeenapersistentbutpatientreminderandpromoter
ofourworkthroughout.Dr.RainerPoerschkehasaccompaniedandhelpedtheeditors
constantlywithhisprofessionalattitudeandverypersonablestyleduringtheprocess
ofdevelopingtheconcept,solicitingauthors,anddealingwithtechnicalmatters.Inthe
laterstages,Dr.WernerSkolautbecamearelentlessandhard-workingmemberofour
teamwithhispainstakingcontributiontotechnicallyeditingtheauthors’manuscripts
andlinkingtheeditors’workwiththecopyeditingandproductionofthebook.
Weshouldalsoliketothankourfamiliesforhavinggraciouslytoleratedthemany
hourswehavespentinworkingonthispublication.
WehopethattheusersofthisHandbook,whoseneedswehavetriedtoanticipate,
willfindithelpfulandinformative.Inviewofthenoveltyoftheapproachandanypos-
sibleinadvertentdeficiencieswhichthisfirsteditionmaycontain,weshallbegrateful
foranycriticismsandsuggestionswhichcouldhelptoimprovesubsequenteditionsso
thattheywillservetheexpectationsoftheusersevenbetterandmorecompletely.
September2004 WernerMartienssen,
FrankfurtamMain,Dresden HansWarlimont
VII
About the Editors
Hans Warlimont studied Physical Metallurgy at the School of Mines in Clausthal,
Germany,andreceivedhisDr.rer.nat.DegreefromtheUniversityofStuttgart.From
1959to1962,heworkedintheFundamentalResearchLaboratoryofU.S.SteelCo-
operation,Monroeville,USA.From1962to1974,heheadedaresearchgroupatthe
Max-Planck-InstituteforMetalsResearchinStuttgart,Germany.From1974to1977,
he worked as Head of the Advanced Materials Division of Swiss Aluminum AG in
Switzerland.From1977to1991,hewasHeadofResearchandDevelopmentofVacu-
umschmelzeHanau,Germany.From1991to1992,hewasAuthorizedRepresentative
forCorporateR&DofMetallgesellschaftFrankfurt/Main.From1992to1998,hewas
ScientificDirectoroftheInstituteofSolidStateandMaterialsResearchDresdenand
wasProfessorofMaterialsScienceattheDresdenUniversityofTechnology.Hismain
researchareaswerestructuralphasetransformationsandtheireffectsonthephysical
andmechanicalpropertiesofmetals.
WernerMartienssen(1923–2010)wasformanyyearseditor-in-chiefofthedatacol-
lectionLandolt–Börnstein,whichisnowpartofSpringerMaterials.Hestudiedphysics
andchemistryattheUniversitiesofWürzburgandGöttingen,andobtainedhisPh.D.
inphysicswithR.W.Pohl,Gottingen.BeforejoiningtheUniversityofFrankfurt/Main
in1961asafullprofessor,hewasvisitingprofessorattheCornellUniversity,Ithaca,
USA,andtaughtphysicsattheUniversityofStuttgart.Hisresearchfocusedoncon-
densed matter physics, quantum optics and chaotic dynamics. Two of his former
studentsandcoworkers,GerdK.BinnigandHorstL.Stormer,becameNobellaureates
inphysics.WernerMartienssen was amemberoftheGerman AcademyofSciences
Leopoldina,HalleandoftheAcademyofSciencesinGöttingen.
IX
List of Authors
Peter Albers FrankE.Goodwin
EvonikTechnology&InfrastructureGmbH InternationalZincAssociation
Hanau,Germany Dept.ofTechnology&MarketDevelopment
[email protected] Durham,NC,USA
[email protected]
WolfAssmus
JohannWolfgangGoethe-University SusanaGota-Goldmann
DepartmentofPhysics Commissariatàl’EnergieAtomique(CEA)
Max-von-Laue-Str.1 DirectiondelaRechercheTechnologique(DRT)
60438FrankfurtamMain,Germany CentredeFontenayauxRosesBP6
[email protected] 92265FontenayauxRosesCédex,France
[email protected]
FabriceCharra
Commissariatàl’ÉnergieAtomique,Saclay SivaramanGuruswamy
DépartementdeRecherchesurl’ÉtatCondensé, SaltLakeCity,UT,USA
lesAtomesetlesMoléculesDRECAM-SPCSI,Centre [email protected]
d’ÉtudesdeSaclay
91191Gif-sur-Yvette,France
GagikG.Gurzadyan
[email protected]
Garching,Germany
[email protected]
GianfrancoChiarotti(deceased)
HidekiHarada
HajoDieringa
Fukaya,Japan
Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht
[email protected]
MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC
Geesthacht,Germany
BernhardHolzapfel
[email protected]
KarlsruheInstituteforTechnology(KIT)
InstituteforTechnicalPhysics
ClausFischer
Hermann-vonHelmholtz-Platz1
formerlyInstituteforSolidStateandMaterials
76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany
Research(IFW)
[email protected]
Georg-Schumann-Str.20
01187Dresden,Germany
[email protected] KarlUlrichKainer
Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht
MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC
JensFreudenberger
Geesthacht,Germany
formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand
[email protected]
MaterialsResearchDresden
Dept.ofMetalPhysics
Dresden,Germany CatrinKammer
[email protected] Goslar,Germany
[email protected]
GünterFuchs
formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand WolframKnabl
MaterialsResearchDresden PlanseeSE
Dept.ofMetalPhysics Dept.ofDevelopmentBusinessUnitIndustries
Dresden,Germany Reutte,Austria
[email protected] [email protected]
X ListofAuthors
AlfredKoethe UdoW.Pohl
formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand TechnicalUniversityofBerlin
MaterialsResearchDresden InstituteofSolidStatePhysics
Dept.ofMetalPhysics Berlin,Germany
Dresden,Germany [email protected]
[email protected]
KarstenRuth
Dieter Krause UmicoreAG&Co.KG
Mainz,Germany Hanau,Germany
[email protected]
ManfredDieter Lechner
UniversitätOsnabrück Günther Schlamp
InstitutfürChemie–PhysikalischeChemie Steinbach,Germany
Osnabrück,Germany
[email protected] BarbaraSchüpp-Niewa
MINT-KollegBaden-Württemberg
GerhardLeichtfried UniversityofStuttgart
UniversityofInnsbruck Stuttgart,Germany
Innsbruck,Austria [email protected]
[email protected]
RolandStickler
WernerMartienssen(deceased) Vienna,Austria
[email protected]
ToshioMitsui
Takarazuka,Japan PanchoTzankov
[email protected] TechnicalUniversityofBerlin
InstituteofSolidStatePhysics
ManfredMüller Berlin,Germany
formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand [email protected]
MaterialsResearchDresden
Dept.ofMetalPhysics Volkmar Vill
Dresden,Germany Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht
[email protected] MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC
Geesthacht,Germany
SergeiPestov [email protected]
MoscowTechnologicalUniversity
InstituteofFineChemicalTechnologies, HansWarlimont
DepartmentofPhysicalChemistry formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand
Moskau,RussianFederation MaterialsResearchDresden
[email protected] Dept.ofMetalPhysics
Dresden,Germany
[email protected]
XI
Contents
List of Abbreviations............................................................. XVII
Part A Fundamentals
1 The Fundamental Constants
WernerMartienssen............................................................. 3
1.1 WhataretheFundamentalConstantsandWhoTakesCareofThem? 3
1.2 TheCODATARecommendedValuesoftheFundamentalConstants.. 5
References....................................................................... 9
2 The International System of Units (SI), Physical Quantities,
and Their Dimensions
WernerMartienssen............................................................. 11
2.1 TheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)................................. 11
2.2 PhysicalQuantities...................................................... 12
2.3 TheSIBaseUnits ........................................................ 13
2.4 TheSIDerivedUnits..................................................... 16
2.5 DecimalMultiplesandSubmultiplesofSIUnits...................... 18
2.6 UnitsOutsidetheSI..................................................... 19
2.7 SomeEnergyEquivalents............................................... 23
References....................................................................... 24
3 RudimentsofCrystallography
WolfAssmus...................................................................... 25
3.1 CrystallineMatter........................................................ 26
3.2 Disorder.................................................................. 35
3.3 AmorphousMatter ...................................................... 36
3.4 MethodsforInvestigatingCrystallographicStructure................. 36
3.5 RecentNovelTopicsinCrystallography................................ 38
References....................................................................... 39
4 The Elements
WernerMartienssen............................................................. 41
4.1 HowtoUsethisChapter................................................ 42
4.2 DescriptionofPropertiesTabulated.................................... 42
4.3 Sources................................................................... 45
4.4 TablesoftheElementsinDifferentOrders............................ 46
4.5 Data ...................................................................... 51
References....................................................................... 143