Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics

1345 Pages·2007·36.956 MB·English

by  Richard Haglund Prof. (auth.), Frank Träger Prof. (eds.)

Springer Handbook
of Lasers and Optics
SpringerHandbooksprovide
aconcisecompilationofapproved
key information on methods of
research, general principles, and
functional relationships in physi-
cal sciences and engineering. The
world’sleadingexpertsinthefields
ofphysicsandengineeringwillbe
assignedbyoneorseveralrenowned
editors to write the chapters com-
prising each volume. The content
is selected by these experts from
Springer sources(books,journals,
onlinecontent)andothersystematic
andapprovedrecentpublicationsof
physicalandtechnicalinformation.
Thevolumesaredesignedtobe
useful as readable desk reference
bookstogiveafastandcomprehen-
siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof
essential reliable key information,
includingtables,graphs,andbibli-
ographies.Referencestoextensive
sourcesareprovided.
Springer
Handbook
of Lasers and Optics
Frank Träger (Ed.)
WithCD-ROM,978Figuresand136Tables
123
Editor:
Prof.Dr.FrankTräger
UniversityofKassel
DepartmentofPhysics
Heinrich-Plett-Str.40
34132Kassel
Germany
LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2007920818
ISBN-10:0-387-95579-8 e-ISBN:0-387-30420-7
ISBN-13:978-0-387-95579-7 Printedonacidfreepaper
(cid:1)c 2007,SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCNewYork
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V
Foreword
Afterworkingformorethanfourdecadesinthefieldoflaserscience,Iamdelighted
thatSpringer-VerlaghasdevotedoneofthefirstvolumesofthenewSpringerHand-
book series to lasers and optics. The exhilarating pace of technological advances in
our field is still accelerating, and lasers and optical techniques are becoming ever
more indispensible as enabling tools in almost any field of science or technology.
Sincenosinglephysicist,engineer,orgraduatestudentcanbeanexpertinalltheim-
portant subfields of optical science, a concise, balanced, and timely compilation of
basic principles, key applications, and recent advances, written by leading experts,
will make a most valuable desk reference. The chosen readable style and attractive,
well-illustratedlayoutiseveninvitingtocasualstudyingandbrowsing.IknowthatI
willkeep my Springer Handbookof Lasersand Opticscloseat hand,despitethe in-
Prof.TheodorW.Hänsch
finite amount of information (and misinformation) that is readily accessible via the
NobelLaureateinPhysics2005
Internet. DepartmentofPhysics
Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universität(LMU)
Munich,February2007 TheodorW.Hänsch Munich,Germany
VII
Preface
It is often said that the 21st century is the century of the photon. In fact, optical
methods,materials,andcomponentshavereachedanadvancedstateofsophistication
hithertounknown.Opticaltechniques,particularlythosebasedonlasers,notonlyfind
applicationsintheclassicalfieldsofphysicsandengineeringbuthaveexpandedinto
manyotherdisciplinessuchasmedicine,thelifesciences,chemistryandenvironmental
research,tomentiononlyafewexamples.Nevertheless,progressinoptics,photonic
materials and coherent light sources continues at a rapid pace: new laser materials
are being developed; novel concepts such as optics far beyond the diffraction limit,
ornanooptics,arebeingexplored;andcoherentlightsourcesgeneratewavelengthsin
rangesnotpreviouslyaccessible.
Inviewofthepronouncedinterdisciplinarynatureofoptics,theSpringerHandbook
Prof.FrankTräger
ofLasersandOpticsisdesignedasareadabledeskreferencebooktoprovidefast,up-
UniversitätKassel
to-date,comprehensive,andauthoritativecoverageofthefield.Thehandbookchapters ExperimentalphysikI
are grouped into four parts covering basic principles and materials; fabrication and Germany
propertiesofopticalcomponents;coherentandincoherentlightsources;and,finally,
selected applicationsand specialfields such as terahertz photonics,X-ray opticsand
holography.
IhopethatallreaderswillfindthisSpringerHandbookusefulandwillenjoyusingit.
Kassel,February2007 FrankTräger
IX
List of Authors
AndreasAssion HansBrand
FemtolasersProduktionsGmbH Friedrich-Alexander-Universityof
Fernkorngasse10 Erlangen-NürnbergLHFT
Vienna,1100,Austria DepartmentofElectrical,Electronic
e-mail:[email protected] andCommunicationEngineering
Cauerstr.9
ThomasE.Bauer 91058Erlangen,Germany
JENOPTIKPolymerSystemsGmbH e-mail:[email protected]
CoatingDepartment
AmSandberg2 RobertP.Breault
07819Triptis,Germany BreaultResearchOrganization,Inc.
e-mail:[email protected] 6400EastGrantRoad,Suite350
Tucson,AZ85715,USA
ThomasBaumert e-mail:[email protected]
UniversitätKassel
MatthiasBrinkmann
InstitutfürPhysik
UniversityofAppliedSciencesDarmstadt
Heinrich-Plett-Str.40
MathematicsandNaturalSciences
34132Kassel,Germany
Schoefferstr.3
e-mail:[email protected]
64295Darmstadt,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
DietrichBertram
PhilipsLighting
UweBrinkmann
Philipsstr.8
Bergfried16
52068Aachen,Germany
37120Bovenden,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
KlausBonrad
RobertBrunner
SchottSpezialglasAG
CarlZeissAG
DivisionLuminescenceTechnology
CentralResearchandTechnology
Hattenbergstr.10
Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10
55014Mainz,Germany
07745Jena,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
MatthiasBorn GeoffreyW.Burr
PhilipsResearchLaboratoriesAachen IBMAlmadenResearchCenter
Weisshausstr.2 650HarryRoad
52066Aachen,Germany SanJose,CA95120
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
AnnetteBorsutzky KarstenBuse
TechnischeUniversitätKaiserslautern UniversityofBonn
FachbereichPhysik InstituteofPhysics
Erwin-Schrödinger-Str.49 Wegelerstr.8
67663Kaiserslautern,Germany 53115Bonn,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
X ListofAuthors
CarolClick Yun-HsingFan
SchottNorthAmerica UniversityofCentralFlorida
RegionalResearchandDevelopment CollegeofOpticsandPhotonics
400YorkAvenue 4000CentralFloridaBlvd.
Duryea,PA18642,USA Orlando,32816,USA
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
HansCoufal† EnricoGeißler
IBMResearchDivision CarlZeissAG
SanJose,CA,USA CentralResearchandTechnology
CarlZeissPromenade10
MarkJ.Davis
07745Jena,Germany
SchottNorthAmerica
e-mail:[email protected]
RegionalResearchandDevelopment
400YorkAvenue
AjoyGhatak
Duryea,PA18642,USA
IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi
e-mail:[email protected]
PhysicsDepartment
WolfgangDemtröder HauzKhas
TUKaiserslautern NewDelhi,110016,India
DepartmentofPhysics e-mail:[email protected]
AmHarzhübel80
67663Kaiserslautern,Germany AlexanderGoushcha
e-mail:[email protected] SEMICOA
333McCormickAvenue
HenrikEhlers CostaMesa,CA92626,USA
LaserZentrumHannovere.V. e-mail:[email protected]
DepartmentofThinFilmTechnology
Hollerithallee8
DanielGrischkowsky
30419Hannover,Germany
OklahomaStateUniversity
e-mail:[email protected]
ElectricalandComputerEngineering
EngineeringSouth202
RainerEngelbrecht
Stillwater,OK74078,USA
Friedrich-Alexander-Universityof
e-mail:[email protected]
Erlangen-Nürnberg
DepartmentofElectrical,Electronicand
RichardHaglund
CommunicationEngineering
VanderbiltUniversity
Cauerstr.9
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy
91058Erlangen,Germany
6301StevensonCenterLane
e-mail:[email protected]
Nashville,TN37235-1807,USA
MartinFally e-mail:[email protected]
UniversityofVienna
FacultyofPhysics,Department StefanHansmann
forExperimentalPhysics AlTechnologiesGmbH
Boltzmanngasse5 Deutsche-Telekom-Allee3
Vienna,1090,Austria 64295Darmstadt,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
ListofAuthors XI
JosephHayden MircoImlau
SchottNorthAmerica UniversityofOsnabrück
RegionalResearchandDevelopment DepartmentofPhysics
400YorkAvenue Barbarastr.7
Duryea,PA18642,USA 49069Osnabrück,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
KuonInoue
JoachimHein
ChitoseInstituteofScienceandTechnology
Friedrich-SchillerUniversityJena
DepartmentofPhotonics
InstituteforOpticsandQuantumElectronics
758-65Bibi
Max-Wien-Platz1
066-8655Chitose,Japan
07743Jena,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
ThomasJüstel
StefanW.Hell UniversityofAppliedSciencesMünster
MaxPlanckInstituteforBiophysicalChemistry Stegerwaldstr.39
AmFassberg11 48565Steinfurt,Germany
37077Göttingen,Germany e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
JeffreyL.Kaiser
Spectra-Physics
JürgenHelmcke
DivisionofNewportCorporation
Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt(PTB)
1335TerraBellaAvenue
Braunschweig
MountainView,CA94043,USA
FormerHeadQuantumOpticsandLengthUnit
e-mail:[email protected]
(retired)
Bundesallee100
38116Braunschweig,Germany FerencKrausz
e-mail:[email protected] Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik
Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1
85748Garching,Germany
HartmutHillmer e-mail:[email protected]
UniversityofKassel
InstituteofNanostructureTechnologiesand
EckhardKrätzig
Analytics(INA)
UniversityofOsnabrück
Heinrich-Plett-Str.40
PhysicsDepartment
34128Kassel,Germany
Barbarastr.7
e-mail:[email protected]
49069Osnabrück,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
GünterHuber
UniversitätHamburg StefanKück
InstitutfürLaser-Physik Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt
DepartmentPhysik OpticsDivision
LuruperChaussee149 Bundesallee100
22761Hamburg,Germany 38116Braunschweig,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
XII ListofAuthors
AnneL’Huillier RalfMalz
UniversityofLund LASOSLasertechnikGmbH
DepartmentofPhysics ResearchandDevelopment
P.O.Box118 Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10
22100Lund,Sweden 07745Jena,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
BrunoLengeler WolfgangMannstadt
AachenUniversity(RWTH) SchottAG
II.PhysikalischesInstitut ResearchandTechnologyDevelopment
Templergraben55 Hattenbergstr.10
52056Aachen,Germany 55122Mainz,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
MartinLetz GerdMarowsky
SchottGlas Laser-LaboratoriumGöttingene.V.
MaterialsScience,CentralResearch Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg1
Hattenbergstr.1 37077Göttingen,Germany
55014Mainz,Germany e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
DietrichMartin
GerdLeuchs CarlZeissAG
UniversityofErlangen-Nuremberg CorporateResearchandTechnology
InstituteofOptics,InformationandPhotonics MicrostructuredOpticsResearch
Guenther-Scharowsky-Str.1 Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10
91058Erlangen,Germany 07745Jena,Germany
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
NorbertLindlein BernhardMesserschmidt
Friedrich-AlexanderUniversityof GRINTECHGmbH
Erlangen-Nürnberg ResearchandDevelopment,Management
Max-PlanckResearchGroup Schillerstr.1
InstituteofOpticsInformationandPhotonics 07745Jena,Germany
Staudtstr.7/B2 e-mail:[email protected]
91058Erlangen,Germany
e-mail: KatsumiMidorikawa
[email protected] RIKEN
LaserTechnologyLaboratory
DennisLo† Hirosawa2-1,Wako
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong 351-0198Saitama,Japan
HongKong,P.R.China e-mail:[email protected]
StefanoLonghi GerardJ.Milburn
UniversityofPolitecnicodiMilano TheUniversityofQueensland
DepartmentofPhysics CenterforQuantumComputerTechnology
PiazzaLeonardodaVinci32 SchoolofPhysicalSciences
20133Milano,Italy St.Lucia,QLD4072,Australia
e-mail:longhi@fisi.polimi.it e-mail:[email protected]