Sports Injuries and Prevention

406 Pages·2015·14.11 MB·English

by  Kazuyuki Kanosue

Kazuyuki Kanosue Editor in Chief

Tetsuya Ogawa
Mako Fukano
Toru Fukubayashi Editors
Sports Injuries
and Prevention
Sports Injuries and Prevention

Kazuyuki Kanosue
Editor in Chief
Tetsuya Ogawa • Mako Fukano
Toru Fukubayashi
Editors
Sports Injuries and Prevention
Editor in Chief
Kazuyuki Kanosue
FacultyofSportSciences
Waseda University
Saitama,Japan
Editors
Tetsuya Ogawa MakoFukano
FacultyofSportSciences FacultyofSportSciences
Waseda University Waseda University
Saitama,Japan Saitama,Japan
ToruFukubayashi
FacultyofSportSciences
Waseda University
Saitama,Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-55317-5 ISBN 978-4-431-55318-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55318-2
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Introduction to the Series
Waseda University of Japan has a tradition of producing great athletes among its
graduates,suchasMikioOda,thefirstJapaneseevertowinanOlympicgoldmedal.
Waseda University strongly supports coaching techniques that embody a practical
application of the knowledge gained from the fundamental research findings of
sportsscience.WasedaUniversityalsotakesprideinprovidingathleteswithmedical
carethatutilizesleading-edgesportsmedicineandformulatesmanagementstrategies
that combine all these elements. This approach has led to a strong tradition of
sports-basedresearch—whatweliketocall“WasedaSports”—whichhasenjoyed
an unprecedented level of success. This tradition was enhanced by the Faculty of
Sport Sciences inWaseda University in 2009 when they initiated the Global COE
(Center of Excellence) Program, entitled “Sport Sciences for the Promotion of
ActiveLife.”TheGlobalCOEProgramisundertheaegisoftheJapaneseMinistry
ofEducation,Culture,Sports,Science,andTechnology;thisMinistrysupportsthe
developmentofinternationalcentersofeducationandresearchexcellence.
While life expectancy in Japan is the highest in the world, large-scale societal
changes here and elsewhere have led to an increase in health problems due to a
decrease in activity and physical fitness. In the aging population, there has been a
deterioration of overall health, much of which can be attributed to inactivity and
excess body weight. It is especially troubling that similar problems are increasing
among children and are associated with severe physical and mental disabilities.
The international scope of the above problems provided the impetus for Waseda
UniversitytoformtheGlobalCOEProgram.Thiseffortinvolvedtheconstruction
of an international hub of education and research specifically designed to develop
andencouragetalentedresearcherstocreatesportsprogramsthatwouldcontributeto
anactiveandvitallifestyle.Theprogramemphasizesthedevelopmentofspecialist
knowledgeinconjunctionwithabroadunderstandingandawarenessofthediverse
worldofsports.Oneofourgoalswastofocusnotjustonimprovingtheindividual
health of mind and body but also to develop an understanding of the conditions
presentinregionsandsocietiesthatfacilitatesuchimprovementsinthelifestyleof
individuals.
v
vi IntroductiontotheSeries
The sports sciences have created and are extending an important body of
knowledge. It is critical that this information be utilized to produce an active,
two-wayinteractionbetweentheinvestigatorsandtheactiveparticipantsofsporting
events.Inordertoprovideafocusfordevelopingthisreciprocalintercommunica-
tion,theGlobalCOEProgramidentifiedthreestrategicprojectthemes:(1)Active
ChildrenProject,(2)ActiveElderlyProject,and(3)EliteAthleteProject.TheCOE
Programwasproactiveinseekingoutmaturegraduatestudentswhowerereturning
tohighereducationafteraperiodofwork,therebyfacilitatingameaningfulcontri-
bution to the formation of academic careers for specialists who were active in the
practical domain of sports. Many graduate students from abroad, especially from
Asiancountries,joinedtheprogramandhavecontributedtoourgoalsviaboththe
creation of academic knowledge and direct participation in the sports relevant to
their area of investigation.
TheformalfundingfortheGlobalCOEProgramcametoanendinMarch2014,
buttheprojectsinitiatedbytheprogramandtheactivitiesofthegraduatescontinue
unabated.Theaccomplishmentsmadeduringthe5yearsoftheprogramhavebeen
documentedinaseriesoffourbookswiththeoverallthemeof“SportsScienceand
anActiveLife.”Weareproudtopresentthissubstantialbodyofresearchinthefol-
lowingseriesofbooks:Vol.1:Sports Management and Sports Humanities (Kohei
Kogiso,DaichiOshimi,MunehikoHarada,Eds.),Vol.2:Physical Activity, Exercise,
Sedentary Behavior, and Promoting Health (Satomi Oshima, Zhen-Bo Cao,
KoichiroOka,Eds.),Vol.3:Sports Performance(TomoyukiNagami,JunTsuchiya,
Eds.), andVol. 4: Sports Injuries and Prevention (Tetsuya Ogawa, Mako Fukano,
ToruFukubayashi,Eds.).Theserieswaswrittenbythededicatedfacultymembers
and young graduate students and postdoctoral researchers under the guidance of
investigatorswhotookpartintheGlobalCOEProgram.Theserieswasalsocon-
tributedtobyleadingresearchersaroundtheworld,mostofwhobelongtoWaseda
University’sresearchinstituteoruniversitypartners.Iappreciatetheircontributions
aswellastheirparticipationintheGlobalCOEProgram.Duringthe5yearsofthe
program, an international network of individuals and universities doing active
researchintheareaofsportsscienceshasbeenestablished.Iexpectthisnetworkto
growwiderandstrongerinthefutureandtocontributetothesolutionofmanyof
thehealthproblemsthatplaguemodernsocieties.Wewillallcontinuetoworkhard
toinvolvesportsactivitiesinthesolutionstotheseproblemsandintheprocessaid
inadvancingthesportsactivitiesthemselves.
Finally, I express my appreciation to the editors of each volume, who not only
didafinejoboforganizingthevolumesbutalsowrotechaptersthatwereimportant
scientificcontributionstotheoveralleffort.WewouldalsoliketothanktheGlobal
COEstafffortheirefficientworkandthekindsupporttheyextendedtothegraduate
students. Drs. Larry Crawshaw and Candace S. O’Connor are thanked for their
enthusiasticeditorialassistance.
ProgramLeader KazuyukiKanosue
GlobalCOE“SportSciencesforthe
PromotionofActiveLife”
Waseda University
Preface
As contemporary humans, we benefit from sports in many ways. These include
promotionandmaintenanceofbothphysicalandmentalwell-being,enhancement
of communication with others, and the fostering of a sense of community in the
overall society. Moreover, international competition in sports utilizing commonly
agreed upon rules can result in a deepening of mutual understanding between
peopleallovertheworld.Thisawarenessandtolerancecanextendbeyondcultures
andlanguages.Furthermore,throughsports,wecanaddressourultimatepossibilities
ashumanbeings.
In opposition to these possible advantages, on the other hand is an important
matterthatmustbetakenintoaccount.Participatinginsportscanleadtoinjuries,
and it is necessary to develop an awareness of sports-induced injury incidence.
Moreover,thefactremainsthatsuchinjuriescanbepreventedorminimizedthrough
appropriate interventions. As a representative example of efforts toward sports
injuryprevention,overthelastdecadetheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)
has been placing a particular emphasis on the maintenance of health and injury
preventionamongOlympicathletes.In2011,theIOCforthefirsttimehostedThe
IOCWorldConferenceonPreventionofInjuryandIllnessinSportanddeclareda
focusoftheirsupportonpreventionofinjuryandillnessamongtheathletes.
Inanotherexampleontheinternationallevel,in1993theInternationalFederation
of Football Associations (FIFA) established the FIFA Medical Assessment and
ResearchCentre(F-Mark)andhavebeenworkingontheassessmentandanalysis
ofinjuryoccurrencesinWorldCupandotherinternationalgames.Itisconsidered
as crucially important to address injury occurrence based on a common standard
worldwide. For prevention, understanding the source and frequency of injuries on
thebasisofavalid,completestatisticalanalysiscanplayasignificantrole.
Since its inception, preventive medicine has brought about a transformation of
modernmedicineandhasbeenmakingsignificantcontributionstowardprevention
ofinfectiousdiseases,primarilythroughvaccination.Forthepreventionofsports-
relatedinjuriesandillnesses,ontheotherhand,theeffectivenessofsomeapproaches
vii
viii Preface
suchasapplicationsofparticulartrainingprogramsandtheuseofmedicalcheckups
before competitions have been recognized as important interventions.Application
ofappropriatetrainingprogramshasbeenfoundtosignificantlydecreasetheinci-
dence of sports-related injuries. In addressing the construction of strategies for
sports-related injury prevention in the future, it is essential to promote a better
understandingoftheunderlyingmechanismsandriskfactors.
Throughout this book, the authors provide such information. Current data are
presentedontheincidenceofsports-relatedinjuries,thetypesofinjuriesspecificto
particular sports, and the importance of factors such as age and gender. Possible
injury mechanisms and risk factors are presented based on an analysis involving
recentscientificfindings.
Thebookiscomposedofsevenparts.Inthefirstpart,currentsituationsandthe
general characteristics of sports-related injuries are outlined on the basis of an
investigationutilizingstatisticaldatainvolvingalargenumberofpopulations.Inthe
followingparts,detailedinformationontheinjuriesintermsofthetypesofsports
activities,bodysites,symptoms,andtherelationshipsamongthesefactorsaredis-
cussed.PartII,forexample,dealswithtopicsonconcussionandseverehead–neck
injurieswhichoccurfrequentlyinrugbyandjudo.
In Parts III and IV,asoneofthemajorsports-relatedinjuries,anteriorcruciate
ligament(ACL)injuriesarediscussed.Beginningwiththeunderlyingmechanisms
asassessedbyusingthelatestmeasuringtechniques,characteristicfeaturesoftheir
occurrencearedescribed.Thisparticulartypeofsportsinjuryisparticularlydepen-
dent on gender and occurs much more frequently in females than in males. The
backgroundandpossibleinterventionsforpreventionwillbediscussed,particularly
amongsoccerandbasketballplayers.Further,PartIVdealswithtopicsonpostop-
erative (ACL reconstruction) aspects of ACL injuries, especially those related to
musclefunctionsandtendonregenerationinthehamstringmuscles.
Part Vdealswithmusclestrainandfocusesparticularlyonthoseoccurringinthe
hamstringmusclesasthismusclegroupisknownasoneofthemostfrequentsites
of muscle strain.The occurrence mechanisms in relation to the characteristic fea-
tures of the muscle group as well as possible intervention for prevention are
explained.
In Part VI,disordersrelatedtotheankleandfootareintroduced.Precisemove-
mentsofthefootbonesandtheirrelationshiptotheincidenceofinjuriesaswellas
possibleinterventionsforpreventionarediscussed.Finally,PartVII provides infor-
mation on lower back disorders. Included are detailed mechanisms of their inci-
dence,epidemiology,andimplicationsfortheirprevention.
Avarietyofsportsareincludedtoallowthereadertobettergeneralizetheresults
as well as to apply appropriate procedures to specific sports. The authors have
emphasized basic scientific findings to help the reader gain a broad knowledge
of sports injuries. The potential audience includes medical doctors, physical
therapists,athletictrainers,coaches,andinterestedparents.Thisbookisexpected
to play a prominent role in the construction of training programs for both healthy
Preface ix
andinjuredplayers.Thefocusonjuniorathleteswillaidintheireducation,injury
prevention,andincreasedperformance.Itwillalsobenefitinstructorsatthejunior
andseniorhighschoollevels.
Saitama,Japan TetsuyaOgawa
Saitama,Japan MakoFukano
Saitama,Japan ToruFukubayashi