Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential

505 Pages·2002·13.356 MB·English

by  Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry Lieberman, James Hendler

Spinning the Semantic Web

Spinning the Semantic Web
Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential
Edited by Dieter Fensel, James Hendler, Henry Lieberman, and
Wolfgang Wahlster
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
FirstMITPresspaperbackedition,2005
82003MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
All rights reserved. No partof this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronicor
mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
ThisbookwassetinStoneSansandStoneSerifon3B2byAscoTypesetters,HongKong.
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Spinningthesemanticweb:bringingtheWorldWideWebtoitsfullpotential/editedby
DieterFensel...[etal.].
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-262-06232-1(hc.:alk.paper),0-262-56212-X(pb.)
1.WorldWideWeb. I.Fensel,Dieter.
TK5105.888.S693 2003
004.6708—dc21 2002016503
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents
Foreword xi
Tim Berners-Lee
1 The Original Dream xii
2 Re-enterMachines xiv
3 WhereAre We Now? xiv
4 The World Wide Web Consortium xv
5 WhereIs theWeb Going Next? xvi
1 Introduction 1
DieterFensel, James Hendler,Henry Lieberman,and Wolfgang Wahlster
1.1 WhyIsThereaNeedfor the SemanticWeband What Will It
Provide? 3
1.2 How the Semantic WebWill Be Possible 8
I Languages and Ontologies
2 SHOE:ABlueprintfor the Semantic Web 29
Jeff Heflin, James Hendler,and Sean Luke
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Background 31
vi Contents
2.3 The SHOE Language 36
2.4 Implementation 51
2.5 Related Work 57
2.6 Conclusion 58
3 DAML-ONT: An OntologyLanguage for theSemantic Web 65
DeborahL. McGuinness,Richard Fikes, LynnAndrea Stein, and
JamesHendler
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 AnIntroduction through Examples 68
3.3 Notes 77
3.4 LanguageExtensions 78
3.5 AnAxiomatic Semantics ofDAML-ONT 79
3.6 Conclusion 90
4 Ontologiesand Schema Languages on the Web 95
MichelKlein, Jeen Broekstra, Dieter Fensel, Frank vanHarmelen, and
Ian Horrocks
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Ontologies and Schemas 96
4.3 The OntologyLanguage OIL 98
4.4 XML Schema 103
4.5 RDFSchema 114
4.6 ApplyingOntologies toOnlineResources 121
4.7 Conclusion 135
5 UPML:The Language and Tool Support for Making theSemantic Web Alive 141
BorysOmelayenko, Monica Crube´zy, DieterFensel, Richard Benjamins,
Bob Wielinga, Enrico Motta, MarkMusen, and YingDing
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 BrokeringReasoning Components on theWeb 144
vii Contents
5.3 UPML: The Languagefor Knowledge Component Markup 146
5.4 AnEditor for UPML Specifications Based on Prote´ge´-2000 157
5.5 Conclusion 163
6 OntologiesCome ofAge 171
DeborahL. McGuinness
6.1 Introduction: The Web’s GrowingNeeds 171
6.2 Ontologies 173
6.3 Simple Ontologiesand Their Uses 178
6.4 Structured Ontologiesand Their Uses 181
6.5 OntologyAcquisition 185
6.6 Ontology-RelatedImplications and Needs 186
6.7 Conclusion 191
II Knowledge Support
7 Sesame: An Architecture forStoringand Querying RDF Data and Schema Information 197
Jeen Broekstra, Arjohn Kampman, and Frank vanHarmelen
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 RDFand RDF Schema 198
7.3 The Need for anRDF/S Query Language 201
7.4 Sesame’s Architecture 205
7.5 Sesame’s FunctionalModules 212
7.6 Experiences 215
7.7 Future Directions 219
7.8 Conclusion 220
8 Enabling Task-Centered Knowledge Support through Semantic Markup 223
Rob Jasper and Mike Uschold
8.1 The Evolving Web 223
8.2 WebProblem Solving 226
viii Contents
8.3 The Domain 230
8.4 Enabling Infrastructure 233
8.5 Worked Example 244
8.6 Conclusion 250
9 Knowledge Mobility:Semantics forthe Web asa White Knight for Knowledge-Based
Systems 253
YolandaGil
9.1 Introduction 253
9.2 The Need for Knowledge Mobility 254
9.3 ANew Generationof Knowledge Bases: Resilient Hyper–Knowledge
Bases 268
9.4 TRELLIS: Building Resilient Hyper–Knowledge Bases 272
9.5 Conclusion 276
10 Complex Relationships forthe Semantic Web 279
Sanjeev Thacker, Amit Sheth,and Shuchi Patel
10.1 Introduction 279
10.2 Knowledge Modeling 282
10.3 InformationScapes 296
10.4 Knowledge Discovery 298
10.5 Visual Interfaces 302
10.6 Related Work 310
10.7 Conclusion 312
11 SEmantic portAL: The SEALApproach 317
Alexander Maedche, SteffenStaab, Nenad Stojanovic,Rudi Studer, and
York Sure
11.1 Introduction 317
11.2 Ontologiesand Knowledge Bases 318
11.3 OntologyEngineering 325
ix Contents
11.4 SEAL Infrastructure and Core Modules 332
11.5 Semantic Ranking 338
11.6 Semantic Personalization 344
11.7 RDFOutside: From aSemanticWebSite to theSemanticWeb 347
11.8 Related Work 350
11.9 Conclusion 354
III Dynamic Aspect
12 Semantic Gadgets: Ubiquitous Computing Meets the Semantic Web 363
Ora Lassila andMark Adler
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 About Representation 364
12.3 Scenario:SemanticGadget inaMuseum 365
12.4 Semantic Discovery 368
12.5 Contractingfor theUse ofServices 369
12.6 Composition ofServices 370
12.7 Museum Scenario Revisited:an Analysis 371
12.8 Conclusion 374
13 Static and Dynamic Semanticsof theWeb 377
ChristopherFry, Mike Plusch,and Henry Lieberman
13.1 Introduction 377
13.2 Static Semantics 378
13.3 Dynamic Semantics 380
13.4 Sources of DynamicSemantics 381
13.5 Web Agents Make Useof DynamicSemantics 382
13.6 InformationRetrieval and Theorem-ProvingPerspectives 384
13.7 The Semantic Web ShouldNotSit on the Tower ofBabel 387
13.8 We Need Another Languagelike a Hole inthe Head 389
13.9 Is ProceduralAttachment Rope to Hang Yourself? 390