Spinal Cord Disease: Basic Science, Diagnosis and Management

601 Pages·1997·32.35 MB·English

by  A. A. Eisen (auth.), FRCP, E. M. R. Critchley, Edmund Critchley DM, Andrew Eisen MD, FRCP(C) (eds.)

Spinal Cord Disease
Basic Science, Diagnosis and Management
Springer
London
Berlin
Heide/berg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (Eds)
Spinal Cord
Disease
Basic Science, Diagnosis
and Management
With 118 Figures
, Springer
Edmund Critchley, DM, FRCP
Royal Preston Hospital, Department of Neurology
Sharoe Green Lane, Preston PR2 4HT, UK
Andrew Eisen, MD, FRCP(C)
Vancouver General Hospital
855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
Consulting Editor
Michael Swash, MD, FRCP, MRCPath
The London Hospital, Neurology Department
Whitechapel, London E1 lEB, UK
ISBN-13: 978-1-4471-1233-4
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management
1. Spinal cord - Diseases
I. Critchley, E.M.R. (Edmund Michael Rhys) II. Eisen, Andrew, 1936-
616.8'3
ISBN-13: 978-1-4471-1233-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4471-0911-2
001: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0911-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management /
Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (eds).
p. cm.
Completely rev. and updated ed. of: Diseases of the spinal cord /
Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (eds.). cl992.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN -13: 978-1-4471-1233-4
1. Spinal cord - Diseases. I. Critchley, E.M.R. (Edmund
Michael R.) II. Eisen, Andrew, 1936-. III. Diseases of the spinal cord.
[DNLM: 1. Spinal Cord Diseases - diagnosis. 2. Spinal Cord
Diseases - therapy. WL 400 S756878 1996]
RC400.S65 1996
616.8'3-dc20
DNLM/DLC 96-24791
for Library of Congress CIP
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review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication
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in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1997
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Typeset by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia
28/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Preface by Rick Hansen...................................................................... IX
List of Contributors............................................................................ Xl
1 Introduction
E.M.R. Critchley and A.A. Eisen ...................................................... ..
2 Anatomical Basis of Spinal Cord Function
TJ. Zwimpfer and J.D. Steeves ........................................................... 11
3 Prospects for Spinal Cord Repair after Injury
J.D. Steeves and TJ. Zwimpfer ........................................................... 21
4 Spinal Modulation of Noxions Stimuli
E.M.R. Critchley and M. T. Isaac ........................................................ 33
5 Spasticity
G.R. Critchley ...................................................................................... 47
6 Hazards of Spinal/Lumbar Puncture
J.P.R. Dick........................................................... ................................. 53
7 Neuropathology
D.l. Graham ........................................................................................... 61
8 Embryology and Paediatric Aspects of Spinal Disorders
A. Hill............................................................ ....................................... 97
9 Imaging of the Spine and Spinal Cord
J.S. Lapointe ........................................................................................ 117
10 Clinical Features of Spinal Compression
N. T. Gurusinghe.................................................................................. 145
11 Electrophysiological Investigation of Disorders of the
Spinal Cord
A.A. Eisen ............................................................................................ 175
12 Radiculopathy due to Diseases other than Disc Disease
A.A. Eisen ............................................................................................ 203
13 Autonomic Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Disease
R.D. Fealey .......................................................................................... 219
v
VI Contents
14 Trauma to the Cervical Spine
J.R. Johnson ......................................................................................... 229
15 Disc and Degenerative Disease: Stenosis, Spondylosis and
Subluxation
C.H.G. Davis................................................. ....................................... 251
16 Craniocervical Anomalies and Non-traumatic Syringomyelia
R.A. Metcalfe and R.A. Johnston ....................................................... 275
17 Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine
M. Dvorak and R. W. McGraw................................................ ............ 297
18 Meningitic Disorders and Myelopathies
E.M.R. Critchley.................................................................................. 317
19 Myelopathies in HIV Infection
R. Guiloff............................................... .............................................. 339
20 Disorders of the Anterior Horn Cell
J.D. Mitchell............................................... .......................................... 347
21 Tropical Diseases of the Spinal Cord
K. Rajamani and C. savant................................................ ................ 367
22 The Conus Medullaris and Sphincter Control
M. Swash................................................. ............................................. 403
23 Psychosexual and Psychosocial Aspects of Spinal Cord
Disease
M.T. Isaac................................................. ........................................... 415
24 Spinal Vascular Disease
M.J. Aminoff........................................................................................ 423
25 Decompression Illnesses and the Spinal Cord
R.R. Pearson ........................................................................................ 443
26 Inherited Diseases of the Spinal Cord
L.A. Bindoff and R.A. Shakir................................................ .............. 461
27. Deficiency Diseases of the Spinal Cord
R.A. Shakir and L.A. Bindoff............................................... .............. 477
28. Vertebral Body Collapse
J.P.R. Dick ............................................................................................ 485
29 Spinal Epidural Abscess
J.P.R. Dick.................................................. .......................................... 495
30 Spinal Tumours
N.T. Gurusinghe............................................. ..................................... 501
Contents Vll
31 Trauma and Paraplegia
T. T. Lee and B.A. Green ..................................................................... 545
32 SCI Rehabilitation: Concepts, Mobility, Functional
Electrical Stimulation, Spasticity
RJ. Weber and R.C. Davis.................................................................. 585
Index.................................................................................................... 601
Preface
Spinal Cord Injury or disease can happen to anyone at any time and the
effects can be devastating. I found this out personally when I was thrown
from the back of a pick up truck at age 15 was left paralyzed from the
waist down.
It was during my recuperation as a young teenager that I first gained
insight into the importance of rehabilitation. My family, doctors, nurses,
fellow patients and researchers who were dedicated to helping me over-
come my personal tragedy helped me pull through. Today, rehabilita-
tion medicine is taking great strides and empowering the person with
the injury to take control of their future, overcome their setbacks and,
through collaborative support, reach their personal goals and potential.
Since 1987 the Legacy raised by my Man in Motion World Tour
(24901 miles wheeled around the world March 1985-May 1987) has pro-
vided over $13 million dollars to research and rehabilitation in the areas
of spinal cord injury. I hope that in some small way this funding has
contributed to the development of the vital programmes that supported
me and many others.
The effects of spinal cord injury are traumatic and life-shattering and
require a skilled interdisciplinary approach. I congratulate those who
have contributed to this book and challenge each one of you to never
give up on your dreams to find the answers to the optimum treatment of
spinal cord injury and disease.
Rick Hansen
IX
Contributors
M.J. Aminoff, MD, FRCP
Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology M- 794,
University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA
L.A. Bindoff, MSc, MBBS, MRCP, MD
Consultant Neurologist, Middlesborough General Hospital, Ayresome Green
Lane, Middlesborough, Cleveland, TS5 5AZ, UK
E.M.R. Critchley, DM, FRCP
Professor of Neurology, Preston Royal Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston,
PR24HT, UK
G.R. Critchley, MA, FRCS
Registrar in Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Hope Hospital, Stott
Lane, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
C.B.G. Davis, FRCS
Consultant Neurosurgeon, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston,
PR2 4HT, UK
J.P.R. Dick
Consultant Neurologist, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1
1BB, UK
M. Dvorak
3rd Floor, 910 West lOth Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E3,
Canada
A.A. Eisen, MD, FRCP(C)
Professor of Neurology, Vancouver General Hospital, Neuromuscular Disease
Unit, 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BCV5Z 1M9, Canada
R.D. Fealey, MD
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester,
Minnesota 55905, USA
D.l. Graham
Professor of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan
Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
Xl
xii Contributors
B.A. Green
Professor of Neurological Surgery, Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, and Co-
Director of the Acute Spinal Cord Injury Service,
University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Attending
Physician at the Veterans Administration Hospital, President and Director of
Clinical Research at the Miami Project
to Cure Paralysis, 1501 NorthWest 9th Avenue, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
R. Guiloff, MD, FRCP
Professor, Neuromuscular Unit, Ground Floor Room, South Wing, Charing
Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
N.T. Gurusinghe
Consultant Neurosurgeon, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston,
PR24HT, UK
A. Hill
Head of Division of Paediatric Neurology, BC Children's Hospital, lDI8 4480
Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3VH, Canada
M.T. Isaac
Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Suite 6, Lewisham Hospital,
Lewisham High Street, London, SE13 6LH, UK
J.R. Johnson, MBBS, FRCS
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, Paddington
and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex,
UK
R.A. Johnston
Consultant Neurosurgeon, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan Road,
Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
J.S. Lapointe
Associate Professor of Radiology, University of British Columbia,
Neuroradiologist, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia,
V5Z 4E3, Canada
T.T. Lee
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine,
Miami, Florida 33101, USA
R.W.McGraw
Professor and Head of Orthopaedics, 3rd Floor, 910 West 10th Avenue,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E3, Canada
R.A. Metcalfe
Consultant Neurologist, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan Road,
Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK