Table Of ContentSpider Ecophysiology
.
Wolfgang Nentwig
Editor
Spider Ecophysiology
Editor
WolfgangNentwig
Inst.EcologyandEvolution
UniversityofBern
Bern,Switzerland
ISBN978-3-642-33988-2 ISBN978-3-642-33989-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013930769
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Spidersareamongthemostsuccessfulgroupsofterrestrialorganisms.Withmore
than 42,000 species, spiders are the most numerous predacious arthropod group,
onlysecondedbysomeinsectfamiliessuchascarabids’beetlesorants.Thisgives
spiders,omnipresentinallterrestrialhabitats,akeypositioninecologicalnetworks
andecosystemfunctioning.Duringtheirevolutionofmorethan300millionyears,
spiders developed and improved unique features, the combination of which is
regarded as entry for their unrivalled success story. Among the key achievements
ofspidersatleastfourhavetobementioned.
First,spiderspossessuptosixdifferentsilkglandtypesthatallowthemtouse
silk for a variety of web types not only to catch their prey but also to wrap their
victims until they are defenceless. Spiders build silken retreats, sperm webs,
cocoons and draglines, thus demonstrating the remarkable material properties of
one of the most resistant and elastic biomaterials. Second, spiders are venomous
animals andinjectdefinedvenom quantitiesintoapreyitemtoparalyseorkill it.
Spidervenomisacomplexmixtureofhundredsofcomponents,consistingoflow
molecularcompounds,peptidesandproteins,whichtargettheextracellularmatrix,
membranes and a variety of receptors, quite often located in the nervous or
muscular system. Third, the locomotion of spiders is driven by a combination of
muscles and a hydraulic pressure system, since some leg segments only possess
flexor muscles. Instead of extensor muscles, the hydraulic pressure of their
haemolymph is fine-tuned by a well-balanced system of valves, which provides
the necessary back-pressure. This reduces in major parts of the long leg tubes of
spidersthemusclesystemandallowsatthesametimelargerflexors,sothatspiders
ingeneralaremorepowerfulthancomparableinsects.Fourth,thedistalendofthe
malepedipalpdevelopedintoacomplexstructurecomposedoffixedandmovable
sclerites that are used to transfer sperm to the female seminal receptacles during
mating. This key-lock mechanism guarantees safe sperm transfer within the
species,largelypreventingmatingoutsidetheownspecies,andprobablyrepresents
amajordriverforthefastspeciesradiationweobserveinspiders.
Ecophysiologyisabridgefromfunctionalandevolutionaryaspectsofmorphol-
ogy, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology to ecology. Currently,
v
vi Preface
cutting-edge science in spiders focuses on the circulatory and respiratory system,
locomotion and dispersal abilities, the immune system, endosymbionts and
pathogens, chemical communication, gland secretions, venom components, silk
structure, structure and perception of colours and colouration and nutritional
requirements, to name only a few. Spiders became valuable indicator species in
agroecosystems and for conservation biology. Modern transfer and application
technologies consider spiders and their products with respect to biomimetics,
materialsciencesandagrochemicalandpharmaceuticalindustries.
Itisnow26yearsagothatIeditedafirstcomprehensivebookonecophysiology
ofspiders,publishedalsowithSpringer[NentwigW(ed)(1987)Ecophysiologyof
spiders. Springer, Heidelberg]. Scientific progress since then was remarkable and
anevaluationofthetopicsfromthattimeandrelevantpublicationsoverthelasttwo
decadesshowedtheappearanceofmanynewfascinatingsubjects.Anewbookon
the old subject, therefore, is definitely not just a revised version but became
something completely new. Seven subjects from the old book (on colouration,
respiration system, reproductive glands, pheromones, venom, silk and dispersal)
canalsobefoundinthisnewbook,mostofthemnowrepresentedbyseveralmuch
more detailed chapters and with a completely new content. Moreover, many
additional and intriguing aspects are included. The innovative character of this
bookandofspiderecophysiologyisalsounderlinedbythefactthatonlytwoauthor
teams from the old book contributed to this new book (Mark Townley with Ed
Tillinghastandme,obviouslydinosaursinarachnology).
Special thanks go to Springer Publishers with Annika Ko¨nig and Jutta
Lindenborn. I also want to acknowledge the support from Christian Kropf and
RitaSchneider.
Bern,Switzerland WolfgangNentwig
September2012
Contents
PartI RespirationandCirculatorySystem
1 EvolutionandAdaptationofHemocyaninWithinSpiders. . . . . . . 3
ThorstenBurmester
2 TheCirculatorySystemofSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ChristianS.WirknerandKatarinaHuckstorf
3 TracheaeinSpiders:RespiratoryOrgans
forSpecialFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
AnkeSchmitz
PartII LocomotionandDispersal
4 HydraulicSystemofLocomotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ChristianKropf
5 FunctionalAspectsofSpiderScopulae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
SentaNiederegger
6 Cost–BenefitBalanceofDispersalandtheEvolution
ofConditionalDispersalStrategiesinSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
DriesBonte
PartIII ImmuneSystemandPathogens
7 TheImmuneSystemofSpiders. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 81
LuciaKuhn-NentwigandWolfgangNentwig
8 EndosymbiontInfectionsinSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
SaraL.GoodacreandOliverY.Martin
9 FungalPathogensofSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HarryC.Evans
vii
viii Contents
PartIV ChemicalCommunicationandReproduction
10 ChemicalCommunicationandContactCuticular
CompoundsinSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MarieTrabalon
11 SpiderOlfaction:Attracting,Detecting,LuringandAvoiding. . . . 141
GabrieleUhl
12 Karyotypes,SexChromosomes,andMeiotic
DivisioninSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
TerezaKoˇr´ınkova´ andJiˇr´ıKra´l
13 MaleReproductiveSystemofSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
PeterMichalikandElisabethLipke
PartV Venom
14 MainComponentsofSpiderVenoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
WolfgangNentwigandLuciaKuhn-Nentwig
15 TheNeurotoxicModeofActionofVenomsfromthe
SpiderFamilyTheraphosidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
VolkerHerzigandGlennF.King
16 TheCytotoxicModeofActionoftheVenom
ofCupienniussalei(Ctenidae). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
LuciaKuhn-NentwigandWolfgangNentwig
17 TheEvolutionofaToxicEnzymeinSicariidSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . 229
GretaBinford
18 PredationbySpittingSpiders:ElaborateVenomGland,
IntricateDeliverySystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
RobertB.SuterandGailE.Stratton
19 SpiderVenomsPotentiallyLethaltoHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
WolfgangNentwigandLuciaKuhn-Nentwig
PartVI Silk
20 SpiderSilk:MolecularStructureandFunctioninWebs. . . . . . . . 267
ToddA.Blackledge
21 AggregateSilkGlandSecretionsofAraneoidSpiders. . . . . . . . . . 283
MarkA.TownleyandEdwardK.Tillinghast
22 CribellarThread. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 303
BrentD.Opell
Contents ix
PartVII Colouration
23 InsectViewofOrbSpiderBodyColorations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
I-MinTso
24 StructuralColorsinSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
RainerF.Foelix,BrunoErb,andDavidE.Hill
25 UVandCamouflageinCrabSpiders(Thomisidae). . . . . . . . . . . . 349
MarieE.HerbersteinandFelipeM.Gawryszewski
26 RapidColourChangeinSpiders. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. 361
JudithWunderlinandChristianKropf
PartVIII Nutrition
27 NutritionalAspectsofSpiderFeeding. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 373
SørenToft
28 HerbivoryinSpiders. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 385
DirkSanders
29 ArtificialDietsforSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
DivinaM.Amalin
PartIX Ecotoxicology
30 EffectsofHeavyMetalContamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
PawełMigula,Graz˙ynaWilczek,andAgnieszkaBabczyn´ska
31 SideEffectofSyntheticPesticidesonSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
StanoPeka´r
32 SideEffectsofBacillusthuringiensisToxinsonSpiders. . . . . . . . . 429
MichaelMeissle
33 EffectsofNeemonSpiders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
JohnD.Stark
PartX Applications
34 ModellingandApplicationoftheHydraulic
SpiderLegMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
LenaZentner
35 AdhesiontoFlatSurfaces:FromSpiderstoStickers. . . . . . . . . . . 463
TobiasSeidlandRenatoVidoni
x Contents
36 TechnicalandBiomedicalUsesofNature’sStrongestFiber:
SpiderSilk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
ChristinaAllmeling,ChristineRadtke,andPeterM.Vogt
37 SpiderVenomComponentsasDrugCandidates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
VeraOldrati,EstelleBianchi,andRetoSto¨cklin
Appendix.SpiderPhylogeny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
SubjectIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
