Speech Science Primer: Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech , Sixth Edition

346 Pages·2011·8.83 MB·English

by  Lawrence J. Raphael

P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
i
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
Speech Science Primer
Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech
SIXTH EDITION
Lawrence J. Raphael, Ph.D.
DepartmentofCommunicationSciencesandDisorders
AdelphiUniversity
Emeritus,DepartmentofSpeechandTheatre
LehmanCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork
Bronx,NewYork
Emeritus,TheGraduateSchool,CityUniversityofNewYork
NewYork,NewYork
Gloria J. Borden, Ph.D.
Emerita,DepartmentofSpeech
TempleUniversity
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Katherine S. Harris, Ph.D.
Emerita,Ph.D.PrograminSpeech-Language-HearingSciences
TheGraduateCenter,CityUniversityofNewYork
NewYork,NewYork
HaskinsLaboratories
NewHaven,Connecticut
i
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
AcquisitionsEditor: PeterSabatini
ManagingEditors: TiffanyPiper,KristinRoyer
MarketingManager: AllisonM.Noplock
Designer: TerryMallon
Compositor: Aptara,Inc.
Printer: C&COffsetPrinting
Copyright©2011LippincottWilliams&Wilkins
351WestCamdenStreet
Baltimore,MD21201
TwoCommerceSquare
2001MarketStreet
Philadelphia,PA19103
Allrightsreserved.Thisbookisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformor
byanymeans,includingphotocopying,orutilizedbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystemwithout
writtenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.
Thepublisherisnotresponsible(asamatterofproductliability,negligence,orotherwise)foranyinjuryresulting
fromanymaterialcontainedherein.Thispublicationcontainsinformationrelatingtogeneralprinciplesofmedical
carethatshouldnotbeconstruedasspecificinstructionsforindividualpatients.Manufacturers’product
informationandpackageinsertsshouldbereviewedforcurrentinformation,includingcontraindications,dosages,
andprecautions.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
FirstEdition,1980
SecondEdition,1984
ThirdEdition,1994
FourthEdition,2003
FifthEdition,2007
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Raphael,LawrenceJ.
Speechscienceprimer:physiology,acoustics,andperceptionof
speech/LawrenceJ.Raphael,GloriaJ.Borden,KatherineS.Harris.–6thed.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-60831-357-0
1.Speech. I.Borden,GloriaJ. II.Harris,KatherineS. III.Title.
[DNLM: 1.Speech–physiology. 2.SpeechAcoustics. 3.Speech
Perception.WV501]
P95.B652011
612.7(cid:2)8–dc22 2010041933
Thepublishershavemadeeveryefforttotracethecopyrightholdersforborrowedmaterial.Iftheyhave
inadvertentlyoverlookedany,theywillbepleasedtomakethenecessaryarrangementsatthefirstopportunity.
Topurchaseadditionalcopiesofthisbook,callourcustomerservicedepartmentat(800)638-3030orfaxorders
to(301)223-2320.Internationalcustomersshouldcall(301)223-2300.
VisitLippincottWilliams&WilkinsontheInternet:http://www.LWW.com.Lippincott
Williams&Wilkinscustomerservicerepresentativesareavailablefrom8:30amto6:00pm,
EST.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ii
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
To our students, past, present, and future.
iii
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
Preface
The purpose of this primer has remained theymustbeextremelyreceptivetochanges
constant through six editions: to satisfy thatmakethetextmoreinterestingandeas-
the need for a comprehensive but elemen- iertoreadforbeginningstudents.Thus,the
tary book on speech science that is easy to readerwillfindthatmanysectionsofthetext
understand and that integrates material on have been rewritten for clarity. The reader
theproduction,acoustics,andperceptionof whoisfamiliarwiththeearliereditionsofthe
speech. We hope that the popularity of the book will undoubtedly notice that the cur-
firstfiveeditionsandthedemandforasixth rent edition contains a new, separate chap-
isanindicationthatwehavebeensuccessful ter on the prosody, a topic which has been,
inmeetingthatneed. perhaps, too long underemphasized in this
Aprimerinanydisciplineis,bynature, and other basic books dealing with speech
resistanttocertaintypesofchange.Because science.
it is intended to explicate fundamental con- Asinthedesignofthepreviousedition,
cepts,itwillnotbelikelytodiscusseitherin- wehavecontinuedtopresentsubjectmatter
formationthatistooadvancedforthebegin- inshortersegmentstoallowreaderstoiden-
ningstudentoruntestedhypotheses,nomat- tify coherent units of information that were
terhowinterestingorpotentiallyinfluential not as evident when they were included in
suchinformationortheoriesmaybe.More- longerchapters.
over,theresistancetochangeisdictatedby Studentswillfindinformationaboutnor-
thestabilityofthefundamentalconceptsand malcommunicationprocessesthatwillserve
datathattheprimercontains.Basicinforma- asabasisforcomparisonwiththedisorders
tionconcerningacoustics,theacousticanal- that they will soon be treating in the clinic.
ysis of speech, speech anatomy and physi- Eachchapterofthepresenteditionincludes
ology, and speech perception, although not a section on some potential clinical applica-
immutable,changesveryslowlyovertime. tionsofthematerialpresented.These“Clin-
ical Notes’’ are not intended to be exhaus-
NEW TO THIS EDITION tive. Rather, we hope that they may stimu-
late readers to think about other ways that
Although primers may be resistant to theinformationinanychaptermightbeput
changesinbasicinformation,bytheirnature to work in a clinical setting. The need for
iv
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
Preface v
suchinformationandtheroleofspeechsci- discussionofinstrumentation.Althoughwe
enceinprovidingitwillbemadeamplyclear haveplacedmostoftheemphasisonthein-
throughoutthetext. strumentsandtechniquesthatmaybegener-
allyavailabletostudentsinmostcollegeand
universitylaboratories,wealsodescribethe
ORGANIZATION instruments and techniques that are found
inlargerspeechsciencelaboratoriesaswell,
Throughoutthetextwehavetriedtoretain so that students will be familiar with them
thestyleofthosesectionsthatfacultyandstu- whentheystudytheresearchliterature.
dentshavefoundtobeclearandeasytoread, Aswehavesuggestedabove,becausethis
andwehavetriedtoimprovethestyleofsec- book is a primer and serves as an introduc-
tionsthatsomestudentsandinstructorshave tion to a large body of information, we do
found to be less clear. We continue to pre- notpresumetohavecoveredeverytopicof
serve many of the classic illustrations from importance or to have dealt with the topics
theresearchliteratureintheiroriginalform includedindepth.Anupdatedselectedbib-
becausewethinktheirpresenceincreasesthe liographyconcludeseachchapter,however,
valueofthebook. toencouragethestudenttopursueeachsub-
Withoneexception,theorganizationof jectfurtherandtofillinthenecessarygaps.
the book remains as it was in previous edi- In an undergraduate course, the text may
tions.SectionInowcontainsonlyonechap- be used as presented; in a graduate course,
ter,intendedtosetspeechinthelargerframe- many of the references might be added as
workoflanguageandthought.Thechapter requiredreadings.
onthePioneersinSpeechScience,formerly
inSectionI,hasbeenrelocated.Itisnowthe
first chapter of Section V, the section that ANCILLARIES
treatsinstrumentation.Becausemanyofthe
accomplishments of the pioneers described Wehaverevisedandexpandedtheselection
inthechaptercenteredonthedevelopment of audio illustrations that can be accessed
and innovative use of instruments for the throughtheWorldWideWeb.Theseaudio
study of speech, we feel that it provides a illustrationsarereferencedinthetext:wher-
usefulintroductiontothedescriptionanduse ever the reader sees the marker in the mar-
of modern instrumentation in the final two gin,heorshewillbeabletohearthesounds
chaptersofthebook.. beingdescribedbygoingonlinetothebook’s
SectionII(Chapter2)containsadiscus- Website.Wetrustthattheupdatedversion
sion of basic acoustics, the foundation on oftheaudioillustrationswillmakethebook
whichthestructureofspeechscienceisbuilt. substantially more useful and informative.
SectionIII(Chapters3through8)dealswith Wordsaboutsoundsareseverelylimitedin
speechacousticsandspeechproduction.The howmuchtheycanconvey.Technologyhas
new chapter on prosody is in this section. allowed us to move beyond printed words
We have attempted to integrate physiology so that the Speech Science Primer is no longer
and acoustics, as we have found that the analogous to a book about art history that
physiologyofspeechproductionisbetterun- containsnoillustrationsoftheartbeingdis-
derstoodandrememberedwhenthesound- cussed.
producing mechanisms and processes are Instructors can also access PowerPoint
closely associated with the acoustic output. slides and chapter outlines as aids to the
Section IV (Chapters 9 to 11) treats speech planningandpresentationofthematerialin-
perception, including material on hearing, cludedinthebook.
acousticcues,andmodelsofspeechpercep- The primary audience to whom this
tion.SectionV,asnotedabove,containsour text is addressed consists of students of
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
vi Preface
speech and language pathology and audiol- althoughmanyofitscomponentshavebeen
ogy.Thebookwillalsobeofinteresttostu- studied for centuries. Acoustics has long
dents of medicine, psychology, education, been an aspect of physics and engineering,
and linguistics, as each of these disciplines speech physiology a part of biology, speech
includes some aspects of the material that perceptionanoutgrowthofbothbiologyand
we have presented. Moreover, the text pro- sensory psychology, and speech in its rela-
vides an opportunity for students in other tion to language in general has long been
disciplinestoobtainacomprehensiveviewof included in the study of phonetics and lin-
speechscience.Althoughthisbookisclearly guistics. This book embraces each of these
introductory, it can also serve as a gradu- components and attempts to integrate them
ate text for students who never had a sur- intoaunifiedtreatment.
veycourseinspeechscienceasundergradu-
ates. LawrenceJ.Raphael
It is only relatively recently that speech GloriaJ.Borden
science has emerged as a unified discipline, KatherineS.Harris
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
Acknowledgments
The comments and suggestions made by speechperceptionareviewedasnaturalcom-
many colleagues and students (too nu- plementsofoneanother.
meroustomentionhere)whohaveusedthis Several people have been of great as-
book in class have been most helpful in its sistance in locating and supplying sound
revision. There is no greater corrective to recordings for use on the Web site that ac-
themistakenideathatonehaswrittenasen- companies this book. We thank Fredericka
tence or a paragraph as clearly as possible Bell-BertiofSt.JohnsUniversity,NewYork;
than the puzzled question of a student who Winifred Strange and James Jenkins, for-
askswhatthatsentenceorparagraphmight merly of the Graduate Center of the City
mean. UniversityofNewYork;ValeriyShafiroof
The glossary remains largely the work Rush University Medical Center, Chicago;
of Jolie Bookspan, whose efforts in compil- and Alice Faber of Haskins Laboratories,
ing it continue to enrich the text for future NewHaven.Withouttheirhelp,ourinven-
students. Throughout the process of revis- tory of audio samples would be far less ex-
ing the text for the fifth and sixth editions, tensive.
thefirstauthorreceivedsupportfromAdel- Thank you also to those who helped
phi University in the form of the access to us create the PowerPoint slides: Laura L.
laboratoryandcomputingfacilitiesandfrom Koenig, Ph.D., Long Island University and
the encouragement and interest of the fac- SeniorScientistatHaskinsLaboratories,and
ulty of the Department of Communication Nassima Abdelli-Beruh, Ph.D., C. W. Post
SciencesandDisordersoftheSchoolofEd- CampusofLongIslandUniversity.
ucation. We also thank the Ph.D. Program We are grateful to our spouses, chil-
in Speech-Language-Hearing Science of the dren,andgrandchildrenforcheeringuson:
CityUniversityofNewYorkfortheuseof to John, Becky, Julie, Tom, and Sam Bor-
its facilities. We probably would not have den; to George, Maud (White), and Louise
written the text in its present form had we Harris; and to Carolyn Raphael, Melissa,
not had the common experience of work- Frank, Andrew, and Gabriel Zinzi, David,
ingatHaskinsLaboratoriesinNewHaven, Nina, and Nathan Raphael. Finally, our
where researches in speech production and many questions have been answered with
vii
P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Printer:gbgts1c
LWBK740-FM LWBK740-Raphael-v1.cls December22,2010 20:2
viii Acknowledgments
patience by the editor for the first edition, plied for the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
RubyRichardson,theeditorforthesecond editionsbyourmanagingeditors,LindaNa-
edition, William R. Hensyl, the editor for pora and Andrea Klingler, Tiffany Piper,
thethirdedition,JohnP.Butler,theeditors and Kristin Royer were of value beyond
for the fourth edition, John Butler and Tim measure.Wethankthemall.
Julet,theeditorsforthefifthedition,Pamela
LappiesandPeterSabatini,and,finally,the LawrenceJ.Raphael
editor for this edition, Peter Sabatini. The GloriaJ.Borden
guidance, advice, and encouragement sup- KatherineS.Harris