Speech and voice science

504 Pages·2018·51.416 MB·English

by  Alison Behrman, Donald Finan

Speech and Voice Science
Third EdiTion

Speech and Voice Science
Third EdiTion
Alison Behrman, PhD, CCC-SLP
With Contributions By Donald Finan, PhD
5521 Ruffin Road
San Diego, CA 92123
e-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.pluralpublishing.com
Copyright © 2018 by Plural Publishing, Inc.
Typeset in 11/13 Garamond Book by Flanagan’s Publishing Services, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America by McNaughton & Gunn
All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
recording, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or
information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written consent of the publisher.
For permission to use material from this text, contact us by
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally printed in
another source. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will gladly make the
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Behrman, Alison, author. | Finan, Donald, author.
Title: Speech and voice science / Alison Behrman with contributions by Donald
Finan.
Description: Third edition. | San Diego, CA : Plural, [2018] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017030922| ISBN 9781597569354 (alk. paper) | ISBN
1597569356 (alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Speech — physiology | Voice — physiology | Case Reports
Classification: LCC QP306 | NLM WV 501 | DDC 612.7/8 — dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030922
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition xiii
Acknowledgments xvi
About the Contributor xvii
About the Illustrator xix
1
introduction 1
1.1 The Clinical Usefulness of Speech and Voice Science 2
Scenario 1 2
Scenario 2 2
Scenario 3 3
1.2 Defining Speech Science 3
1.3 Advice for Students on Effective Study Techniques 5
Study as Though You Are Having a Test Every Week 5
Study With a Partner or Group 6
Reach Beyond Memorization to Understand the Material 6
Create Quizzes and Tests and Give Them to Yourself 7
Stay Mindfully Present in Class 7
Read Assignments Before and After Class 7
Use the Study Aids 8
2
describing and Explaining Motion 9
2.1 Systems of Measurement 10
2.2 Describing Motion: Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, and Deceleration 11
2.3 Newton’s Laws Explain Motion 12
The First Law of Motion 12
The Second Law of Motion 12
The Third Law of Motion 12
2.4 Momentum and Energy 13
Momentum 13
Energy 14
Energy, Work, and Power 14
Kinetic and Potential Energy 15
2.5 Three States of Matter 16
Density 18
Elasticity and Stiffness 19
Pressure 21
Units of Measurement of Pressure 22
References 23
v
vi
Speech and Voice Science
3
Sound Waves 25
3.1 Vibration 26
3.2 The Nature of Waves 26
Pulse Waves 28
Longitudinal Pressure Waves 28
3.3 Transfer of Energy in Waves 30
3.4 Visualizing a Sound Wave 33
3.5 Properties of Sound Waves 34
Frequency 34
Period 36
Intensity 37
Wavelength 41
Speed of Sound 42
3.6 Pure and Complex Tones 43
Power Spectra 46
Noise 48
3.7 Behavior of Sound Waves 49
Interference 49
Boundaries 51
Reflection 52
3.8 Resonance 52
Natural Resonant Frequency 53
Standing Wave Patterns 55
Rules Governing Standing Waves 56
Forced Vibration 58
Acoustic Resonators 61
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning 62
References 62
4
Breathing 63
Clinical Case 1: Breath-Holding Speech 64
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Respiration 68
4.3 Balloons or Boyle’s Law? 68
4.4 Anatomy of the Lower Airway 70
The Work of Muscles 74
Agonist-Antagonist Pairs 74
Muscles and Levers 75
The Muscles of Breathing 76
4.5 The Biomechanics of Breathing 79
The Biomechanics of Tidal Breathing 79
Lung Volumes and Capacities 83
The Biomechanics of Forced Inhalation and Exhalation 85
4.6 The Biomechanics of Speech Breathing 86
Relaxation Curve and Phonation 87
Running Speech 89
Phrase Breath Groups 90
vii
contentS
Adaptation of Speech Breathing to Variable Internal and External Demands 92
Body Type 92
Cognitive-Linguistic Variables 92
Speech Breathing Personality 93
Respiratory Demands 94
4.7 The Work of Breathing 96
Airway Resistance 96
Laminar and Turbulent Airflow 98
Elastic Resistance 99
Viscosity 100
4.8 Instrumentation for Measuring Breathing Kinematics 100
Electromyography (EMG) 101
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography 102
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning 103
References 103
5 Phonation i: Basic Voice Science 107
Clinical Case 2: Running Out of Breath 108
5.1 Overview 109
5.2 Anatomy of the Larynx 109
Structural Framework 109
Laryngeal Membranes and Cavities 111
Three Functions of the Larynx 115
Laryngeal Muscles 116
Intrinsic Muscles 116
Extrinsic Muscles 121
The Vocal Folds 123
Structural Overview 123
Lamina Propria 124
Mechanical Layers 125
Cricothyroid Joints 127
Cricoarytenoid Joints 128
Blood Supply to the Larynx and Lymphatic Drainage 129
5.3 Neural Control of Phonation 130
Central Motor Control 130
Peripheral Motor Neural Control and Brainstem Nuclei 130
Peripheral Sensory Control and Brainstem Nuclei 133
5.4 Theories of Voice Production 133
The Bernoulli Effect 135
The Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory 138
5.5 Biomechanics of Vocal Fold Vibration 138
Viscoelastic Component 141
Vertical Phase Difference: The Mucosal Wave 142
The Importance of Vocal Fold Closure 143
Glottal Volume Velocity 144
Laryngeal Airway Resistance 144
Phonation Threshold Pressure 145
Phonation Onset 146
viii
Speech and Voice Science
5.6 Biomechanical Stress-Strain Properties of Vocal Fold Tissues 148
5.7 Physiology of Phonatory Control 150
Fundamental Frequency (ƒ) 150
o
Natural Resonance of the Vocal Folds 150
Cover-Dominant Vibration 152
Body Plus Cover Vibration 153
Lung Pressure in the Regulation of ƒ 154
o
Differential Control of ƒ: Evidence From EMG Data 155
o
Control of Intensity 156
Auditory Feedback of Control of ƒ and Intensity 160
o
Biomechanical Forces During Phonation 161
5.8 Voice Quality 162
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning 163
References 163
6
Phonation ii: Measurement and instrumentation 171
6.1 Measurement of ƒ and Intensity 172
o
ƒ Measures 172
o
Intensity Measures 174
Voice Range Profile (VRP) 175
6.2 Measurement of Phonatory Aerodynamics 179
Airflow and Lung Pressure 179
Vocal Efficiency 180
S/Z Ratio 182
Maximum Phonation Time 183
Phonation Quotient 184
6.3 Instrumentation for Exploring the Dynamics of the Vocal Folds 184
Stroboscopy 185
High-Speed Laryngeal Imaging 188
Videokymography (VKG) 188
Photoglottography (PGG) 189
Electroglottography (EGG) 191
Open Quotient (OQ), Speed Quotient (SQ), and Contact Quotient (CQ) 193
6.4 Vocal Registers 195
Modal Register 196
Vocal Fry 196
Falsetto 198
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning 199
References 199
7
The Production and Perception of Vowels 207
Clinical Case 3: Accent Management 208
7.1 Introduction 210
7.2 Acoustic Theory of Speech Production 211
Acoustic Characteristics of the Source 213
The Vocal Tract Transfer Function 215
Acoustic Characteristics of Lip Radiation 217
Resonance and Standing Waves 218
ix
contentS
7.3 Vowels 220
Vocal Tract Constrictions and Formant Frequencies 221
First Formant Frequency (F1) 221
Second Formant Frequency (F2) 222
Third Formant Frequency (F3) 222
The Traditional Vowel Quadrilateral 222
Vowel Quality and Articulatory Posture 225
Acoustic Representation of Vowel Quality 226
Resonating Cavities of the Vocal Tract 228
Vowel Formant Normative Data 232
Tense-Lax Vowel Quality and Inherent Duration 233
Rhotacized Vowel Quality 234
Diphthongs 235
Intrinsic Pitch of Vowels 237
Tongue Anatomy 239
Understanding Tongue Movements 241
7.4 The Vocal Tract as a Regulator of Intensity 243
Harmonic Structure, Energy Loss, and Near-Periodicity 243
Revisiting the Voice Range Profile 245
Singer’s Formant and Formant Tuning 246
Speaker’s Formant 247
7.5 Acoustic Filters 247
7.6 Instrumentation for Measuring Vocal Tract Acoustics 250
Sound Spectrography 250
Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms 251
Exploring Spectrograms 252
Nearly Periodic Voice Source 256
Voiceprints: Voice Science or Science Fiction? 257
Quantitative Spectral Measures 257
Long-Term Average Spectrum 257
Harmonics to Noise Ratio 258
Cepstral Measures 260
Inverse Filtering 260
7.7 Vocal Tract Imaging: Current Research and Future Trends 261
Conventional Radiography (x-rays) 261
Computed Tomography (CT) 262
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 263
Ultrasound 267
Clinical Case 4: Ataxic Dysarthria 269
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning 270
References 270
8
The Production and Perception of Consonants 275
Clinical Case 5: Facial Nerve Trauma 276
8.1 Introduction 277
8.2 Three Sources of Speech Sounds 280
Coarticulation 281
8.3 Phonetic Description of Consonants 281