Table Of ContentSpectrum Wars
The Policy and Technology Debate
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Spectrum Wars
The Policy and Technology Debate
Jennifer A. Manner
Artech House
Boston • London
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Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
1 An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Anoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Internationaloverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Domesticissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Spectrumterminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Abriefbackgroundofspectrummanagement . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Companies,governments,andotherinterests . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Incumbentandplanned/newusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Thevariousinterests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Anexampleofthescientificcommunity:radioastronomers . . . . . 20
Publicsafetyuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
vii
viii SpectrumWars:ThePolicyandTechnologyDebate
Twouniquebattlesforthespectrumresourcefornewservices . . . . 21
NGSOFSS:takingtheworldbystorm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ThirdgenerationmobileserviceandtheFS:acompromise . . . . . 25
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Spectrum Primer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Overviewoftechnicalcharacteristicsoftheradiocommunications
spectrumresource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Spectrumscarcityandharmfulinterference . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Theallocationscheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Keytechnicalconsiderationswhenevaluatingspectrumuse . . . . . 42
Otherconsiderations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Radio Communications Spectrum and
3 Telecommunications Players. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Wirelessversuswirelinenetworksolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Thekeyparticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Governmentuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Telecommunicationsserviceprovidersandbroadcasters. . . . . . . 57
Telecommunicationsequipmentmanufacturers . . . . . . . . . . 60
Consumers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Factorsimpactingtheuseofthespectrumresource. . . . . . . . . 63
Thegovernmentregulatorandtheaccompanyingregulatoryregime. . 64
Marketdemandfortheservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Amountofspectrumavailableforthesameorsimilaruse . . . . . . 67
Thecostsofobtainingaccesstothespectrumandtheimpacton
thebusinesscase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Theavailabilityofterrestrialwirelineinfrastructure . . . . . . . . 68
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Contents ix
4 The Regulatory Regime Governing Spectrum . . . . . 71
Whyistheradiocommunicationsspectrumresourceregulated?. . . . 71
Thegoalsofspectrumregulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Thegoverningregulatorybodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Theinternationalregulatoryprocess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
AnoverviewoftheITUandtheRadiocommunicationsSector . . . . 78
OverviewoftheITURSector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Theimpactofregionalorganizationsonspectrumregulation. . . . . 81
Theinternationalspectrumallocationprocess . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Technicalissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
AnoverviewoftheWRCprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 Domestic Regulation of Spectrum,
5 Part I: International Representation. . . . . . . . . . 93
Overviewofthedomesticregulationoftheradiocommunications
spectrumresource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Participationintheinternationalarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Domesticparticipantsintheinternationalprocess . . . . . . . . . 95
Thedomesticpreparatoryprocessforinternationalmeetings. . . . . 98
Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6 Domestic Regulation of Spectrum,
5 Part II: Allocation, Assignment, and Use. . . . . . . 105
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Importantcornerstonesofdomesticregulation . . . . . . . . . . 107
ImpactoftheWTOAgreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Thedomesticallocationoffrequencybandstoindividualservices . . 110
Theidentificationordesignationofradiocommunications
spectrumtospecifieduses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Changestorules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Flexibleuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Relocationofexistingusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Description:As more and more telecommunications companies turn to wireless services to sustain profitability, staking a claim of the radiocommunications spectrum is key. Designed to help you ensure that your company wins the battle for the spectrum, this text maps out the strategies required for structuring ent
