Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres and Ionospheres: Mars, Venus, Titan, Triton and Pluto

576 Pages·2019·61.627 MB·English

by  Vladimir A. Krasnopolsky

SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES AND IONOSPHERES
The chemical composition of any planetary atmosphere is of fundamental importance in
determining its photochemistry and dynamics in addition to its thermal balance, climate,
origin, and evolution. Divided into two parts, this book begins with a set of introductory
chapters,startingwithaconcisereviewoftheSolarSystemandfundamentalatmospheric
physics.Chaptersthendescribethebasicprinciplesandmethodsofspectroscopy,themain
toolforstudyingthechemicalcompositionofplanetaryatmospheresandofphotochemical
modeling and its use in the theoretical interpretation of observational data on chemical
composition.Thesecondpartofthebookprovidesadetailedreviewofthecarbondioxide
atmospheresandionospheresofMarsandVenusandthenitrogen-methaneatmospheresof
Titan,Triton,andPluto.Writtenbyanexpertauthor,thiscomprehensivetextwillmakea
valuable reference for graduate students, researchers, and professional scientists speciali-
zing in planetary atmospheres.
Nowretired,vladimir a. krasnopolsky waspreviouslyaresearchprofessorinthe
DepartmentofPhysicsattheCatholicUniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC.Anexpert
onspectroscopyandphotochemicalmodeling,heistheauthorof3books,6bookchapters,
and 182 refereed publications. He is one of the most highly cited scientists working on
planetary atmosphere research and was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1985 for his
studies of Venus. He has worked on many space missions throughout his career and was
the principal investigator of the airglow spectrometer on the Mars 5 spacecraft and the
Venera9and10missionstoVenus,thethree-channelspectrometerontheVegamissionto
Venus, and theinfrared spectrometer on thePhobos2 orbiter.
CAMBRIDGE PLANETARY SCIENCE
Series Editors
Fran Bagenal, David Jewitt, Carl Murray,Jim Bell, Ralph Lorenz,
Francis Nimmo,SaraRussell
Books inthe Series
†
1. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites andMagnetosphere
Edited byBagenal, Dowling, andMcKinnon
978-0-521-03545-3
†
2. Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis
Hutchison
978-0-521-03539-2
†
3. The Origin ofChondrules and Chondrites
Sears
978-1-107-40285-0
†
4. Planetary Rings
Esposito
978-1-107-40247-8
†
5. The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-Based Analogs
Edited by Chapman
978-0-521-20659-4
†
6. The Surfaceof Mars
Carr
978-0-521-87201-0
†
7. Volcanism on Io: AComparison with Earth
Davies
978-0-521-85003-2
†
8. Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere
Barlow
978-0-521-85226-5
9. The Martian Surface:Composition, Mineralogy and PhysicalProperties
Edited byBell
978-0-521-86698-9
†
10. Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin andEvolution
Taylor and McLennan
978-0-521-14201-4
†
11. Planetary Tectonics
Edited byWatters and Schultz
978-0-521-74992-3
†
12. Protoplanetary Dust: Astrophysical and Cosmochemical Perspectives
Edited byApai and Lauretta
978-0-521-51772-0
13. PlanetarySurface Processes
Melosh
978-0-521-51418-7
14. Titan:Interior, Surface,Atmosphere andSpaceEnvironment
Edited byMüller-Wodarg, Griffith, Lellouch,and Cravens
978-0-521-19992-6
15. Planetary Rings: A Post-Equinox View (Second edition)
Esposito
978-1-107-02882-1
16. Planetesimals:Early Differentiation and Consequences for Planets
Edited byElkins-Tanton and Weiss
978-1-107-11848-5
17. Asteroids: Astronomical andGeological
Bodies Burbine
978-1-107-09684-4
18. The Atmosphere and Climate ofMars
Edited byHaberle, Clancy, Forget, Smith, and Zurek
978-1-107-01618-7
19. PlanetaryRingSystems
Edited byTiscareno and Murray
978-1-107-11382-4
20. Saturnin the21st Century
Edited byBaines, Flasar,Krupp, and Stallard
978-1-107-10677-2
21. Mercury: The View afterMessenger
Edited bySolomon, Nittler, andAnderson
978-1-107-15445-2
22. Chondrules: Records of Protoplanetary Disk Processes
Edited byRussell, Connolly, and Krot
978-1-108-41801-0
23. Spectroscopy and Photochemistry ofPlanetary Atmospheres and Ionospheres
Krasnopolsky
978-1-107-14526-9
†
Reissuedas a paperback

SPECTROSCOPY AND
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PLANETARY
ATMOSPHERES AND IONOSPHERES
Mars, Venus, Titan, Triton, and Pluto
VLADIMIR A. KRASNOPOLSKY
CatholicUniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
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CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107145269
DOI:10.1017/9781316535561
©VladimirA.Krasnopolsky2019
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2019
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Krasnopolʹskiĭ,V.A.(VladimirAnatolʹevich),1938–author.
Title:Spectroscopyandphotochemistryofplanetaryatmospheresandionospheres:Mars,Venus,
Titan,TritonandPluto/VladimirKrasnopolsky(CatholicUniversityofAmerica).
Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.|
Series:Cambridgeplanetaryscience;23|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018040321|ISBN9781107145269(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Planets–Atmospheres.|Spectrumanalysis.
Classification:LCCQB603.A85K752019|DDC551.5099/2–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018040321
ISBN978-1-107-14526-9Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Preface page xiii
1 About theBook xiii
2 About Me xiii
1 The Solar System 1
1.1 Objects and Sciences 1
1.2 Planetary Atmospheres 4
1.3 Outer Planets 5
1.4 Asteroids, Transneptunian Objects, and Comets 6
1.5 Formation ofthe Solar System 8
2 Atmospheric Structure 11
2.1 Barometric Formula and Its Versions 11
2.2 Vertical Transport 14
2.3 Thermal Balance 18
2.4 Upper Atmosphere 22
2.5 Escape Processes 26
3 Spectroscopy 30
3.1 Quantum Mechanics andSchroedinger Equation 30
3.2 Hydrogen-likeAtoms:EnergyLevels and Quantum Numbers 31
3.3 Radiation Types and Transition Probabilities 33
3.4 Spectra of Hydrogen-likeAtoms 34
3.5 Multielectron Atoms 36
3.6 EnergyLevels and SelectionRules 37
3.7 Spectra of Multielectron Atoms 38
3.8 Rotational and Vibrational Levels of Diatomic Molecules 41
3.9 Rotational and RovibrationalSpectra 43
3.10 Electronic States of Diatomic Molecules 46
3.11 Electronic Spectraof DiatomicMolecules 47
3.12 PolyatomicMolecules 51
vii
viii Contents
4 Aerosol Extinction and Scattering 52
4.1 SphericalParticles:Mie Formulas 52
4.2 Some Approximationsand Nonspherical Particles 54
4.3 Particle Size Distributions:Photometry,Polarimetry, and Nephelometry
ofAerosol Media 55
4.4 On theRadiative Transfer 57
4.5 Aerosol Altitude Distribution 61
5 Quantitative Spectroscopy 65
5.1 LineBroadening 65
5.2 LineEquivalent Widths and Curves ofGrowth 67
5.3 Ground-Based Spatially Resolved High-Resolution Spectroscopic
Observations 69
5.4 EquivalentWidths inthe Observation ofHF onVenus 70
5.5 Fitting of Observed Spectra bySynthetic Spectra 73
6 Spectrographs 78
6.1 CVFandAOTF Spectrometers 78
6.2 Grating Spectrographs 78
6.3 Echelle Spectrographs 80
6.4 Fourier TransformSpectrometers 82
6.5 Tunable Laser and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy 83
6.6 Infrared Heterodyne Spectrometers 84
7 SpectroscopicMethods toStudy Planetary Atmospheres 86
7.1 Spacecraft,Earth-Orbiting, and Ground-Based Observations 86
7.2 NadirObservations toMeasure Species Abundances 87
7.3 Vertical Profiles of Temperature from Nadir Observations ofthe CO
2
Bands at15 and 4.3μm 87
7.4 Vertical Profiles of Temperature and CO Mixing Ratio from COLine
Shapesin theSubmillimeterRange 90
7.5 Vertical Profiles of Terrestrial Ozone from Nadir UV Spectra 90
7.6 Measurements of Rotational Temperatures and Isotope Ratios 94
7.7 Inversion ofLimb Observations 96
7.8 Solar and Stellar Occultations 98
7.9 SomeOther Applicationsof Spectroscopy 100
7.10 Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography 100
8 Solar Radiation, Its Absorption intheAtmospheres, and Airglow 103
8.1 Structure ofthe Solar Atmosphere 103
8.2 Solar Spectrum 105
8.3 Airglow 108
8.4 Photodissociationand Photoionization of CO andRelated
2
Dayglow 109
Contents ix
8.5 Resonance Scattering and Fluorescence 112
8.6 PhotoelectronsandEnergetic Electrons 115
8.7 ChemiluminescentReactions 118
9 Chemical Kinetics 120
9.1 Double andTriple CollisionsofMolecules 120
9.2 Thermochemical Equilibrium 121
9.3 BimolecularReactions 122
9.4 Unimolecular Reactions 132
9.5 Termolecular Association 136
9.6 HeterogeneousReactions 137
9.7 Literature onReaction Rate Coefficients,Absorption Cross Sections,
andYields 138
10 Photochemical Modeling 140
10.1 Continuity Equation and Its Finite Difference Analog 141
10.2 Solution ofthe Problemand Boundary Conditions 142
10.3 Example: Modelingof Global-Mean Photochemistry inthe Martian
Lower and MiddleAtmospheres 144
10.4 Time-Dependent Models 148
10.5 Isotope Fractionation 149
11 Mars 155
11.1 History ofStudies, General Properties, Topography, and Polar Caps 155
11.2 CO , Aerosol, and Temperature 158
2
11.3 Water Vapor, HDO,andIce 167
11.4 Carbon Monoxide and Molecular Oxygen 173
11.5 Mass Spectrometric Measurements in theLower Atmosphere
andMartianMeteorites: Variability of Argon 178
11.6 Photochemical Tracers: Ozone,O Dayglow at 1.27μm,
2
andHydrogen Peroxide H O 180
2 2
11.7 Methane 187
11.8 SomeUpperLimits 194
11.9 Photochemistry of theLower and Middle Atmosphere 197
11.10 Variations ofMars Photochemistry 201
11.11 Dayglow 204
11.12 Nightglow, Polar Nightglow, and Aurora 213
11.13 Upper Atmosphere and Ionosphere 219
11.14 Some Aspects of Evolution 232
12 Venus 238
12.1 General Properties andHistory ofStudies 238
12.2 CO , N ,Model Atmosphere below 100km, Atmospheric Dynamics,
2 2
andSuperrotation 242