Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

718 Pages·2017·23.51 MB·English

by  Masaharu Motokawa

Diversity and Commonality in Animals
Masaharu Motokawa
Hiroshi Kajihara Editors
Species
Diversity
of Animals
in Japan
Diversity and Commonality in Animals
Serieseditors
TakahiroAsami
Matsumoto,Japan
HiroshiKajihara
Sapporo,Japan
KazuyaKobayashi
Hirosaki,Japan
OsamuKoizumi
Fukuoka,Japan
MasaharuMotokawa
Kyoto,Japan
KiyoshiNaruse
Okazaki,Japan
AkikoSatoh
Hiroshima,Japan
KazufumiTakamune
Kumamoto,Japan
HideakiTakeuchi
Okayama,Japan
MichiyasuYoshikuni
Fukuoka,Japan
ThebookseriesDiversityandCommonalityinAnimalspublishesrefereedvolumes
onallaspectsofzoology,withaspecialfocusonbothcommonanduniquefeatures
ofbiologicalsystemsforbetterunderstandingofanimalbiology.Originatingfrom
acommonancestor,animalsshareuniversalmechanisms,butduringtheprocessof
evolution,alargevarietyofanimalshaveacquiredtheiruniquemorphologiesand
functionstoadapttotheenvironmentinthestruggleforexistence.Topicscovered
includetaxonomy,behavior,developmentalbiology,endocrinology,neuroscience,
and evolution. The series is an official publication of The Zoological Society of
Japan.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13528
Masaharu Motokawa • Hiroshi Kajihara
Editors
Species Diversity of Animals
in Japan
Editors
MasaharuMotokawa HiroshiKajihara
TheKyotoUniversityMuseum FacultyofScience
KyotoUniversity HokkaidoUniversity
Kyoto Sapporo
Japan Japan
ISSN2509-5536 ISSN2509-5544 (electronic)
DiversityandCommonalityinAnimals
ISBN978-4-431-56430-0 ISBN978-4-431-56432-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959264
©SpringerJapan2017
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Preface
Consistingofsome6800islandsandextendingapproximately3500kmfromnorth
(45.6(cid:1)N)tosouth(20.4(cid:1)N),theJapanesearchipelagoalongtheeasternperipheryof
the Eurasian continent has had a complex geological history since the Miocene
(ca.23millionyearsago),withavarietyofterrestrialandmarinehabitatsharboring
a rich flora and fauna (Chap. 1). The Japanese fauna has a high proportion of
endemicspecies,e.g.,52%fornon-flyingterrestrialmammals(Chap.3),47%for
land birds (Chap. 4), 83% for reptiles (Chap. 5), and 92% for amphibians
(Chap. 6). Regrettably, anthropogenically mediated habitat loss and disturbance
have resulted in the extinction of a number of endemic Japanese species, subspe-
cies, or populations, e.g., the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus), the Japanese sea lion
(Zalophus japonicus), the Japanese crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and the Japa-
nese river otter (Lutra lutra). More than half the natural mudflats along Japanese
coasts have been reclaimed, mostly for agriculture or industry, causing local
extinctions—many of which have perhaps gone undetected—of small marine or
estuarine organisms such aspolychaetes (Chap. 19).Itis important forourgener-
ationtobequeathourpreciousnaturalheritagetofuturegenerations,andtherefore
itisvitalthatscientistsengagedinbiodiversityresearchdisseminatetheknowledge
theyobtaintothegeneralpublic,notonlydomesticallybutalsoglobally.Thefirst
step toward this goal is to compile a species list through solid, steady alpha-
taxonomicworkineachtaxon(Chaps.6,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,
20,21,22,23,24,25,26,and27).Furthermore,foradeeperunderstandingofthe
Japanesefauna,itiscrucialtoelucidatethephylogeographyandpopulationgenetic
structureofeachspecies(Chaps.3,5,and6),andtheseresultsshouldformthebasis
forconservationpoliciesandstrategies(Chaps.6,19,and27).Anotherthreattothe
nativefaunaistheproblemofalienorintroducedspecies(Chaps.6and22).
In2013,Okinawainfar-southernJapanwasselectedasthevenueforthe22nd
InternationalConferenceofZoology(ICZ)in2016,tobeheldjointlywiththe87th
Meeting of Zoological Society of Japan (ZSJ, founded in 1878). The Library/
Publishing Committee of ZSJ, at the time under the chairmanship of Professor
Kazufumi Takamune (Kumamoto University), then initiated a project aimed to
facilitate the global dissemination of information on the activities of Japanese
v
vi Preface
zoologistsandthecurrentstatusofzoologyinJapan,tocommemoratetheoccasion
oftheICZ–ZSJjointmeetings.Thisprojectwouldentailthepublicationofaseries
ofbooksunderthetitleDiversityandCommonalityinAnimals,featuringresearch
conducted by members of ZSJ in various fields of zoology, including physiology,
endocrinology, neuroscience, ethology, developmental biology, evolution, repro-
ductive biology, taxonomy, and ecology. MM (mammalian systematics) and HK
(marine invertebrate systematics), representing the Kinki and Hokkaido Branches
of ZSJ, respectively, were Library/Publishing Committee members in the early
planning stages ofthepublicationproject andweresubsequently appointedasthe
editorsofavolumepertainingtobiodiversity,whichemergedasthisbook,Species
DiversityofAnimalsinJapan.
Thereare23nationwideacademicsocietiesinJapanwithmembersengagedin
animal diversity research to various extents (approximate membership shown in
parentheses): Arachnological Society of Japan (300), Carcinological Society of
Japan (300), Coleopterological Society of Japan (700), Japanese Association of
Benthology(400),JapanSocietyofProtistology(200),TheAcarologicalSocietyof
Japan(250),TheBiogeographicalSocietyofJapan(300),TheEcologicalSociety
of Japan (3800), The Entomological Society of Japan (1400), The Herpetological
SocietyofJapan(400),TheIchthyologicalSocietyofJapan(1300),TheJapanese
CoralReefSociety(600),TheJapaneseNematologicalSociety(240),TheJapanese
SocietyofSoilZoology(310),TheJapaneseSocietyofSystematicZoology(400),
The Lepidopterological Society of Japan (1400), The Malacological Society of
Japan(800),TheMammalSocietyofJapan(1100),TheOrnithologicalSocietyof
Japan(1200),ThePlanktonSocietyofJapan(600),ThePalaeontologicalSocietyof
Japan(1100),TheSocietyofEvolutionaryStudies,Japan(1300),andTheZoolog-
icalSocietyofJapan(2300).
ZSJ has fewer specialist members (i.e., acarologists, arachnologists, crustacean
researchers, ecologists, entomologists, herpetologists, ichthyologists, malacologists,
mammalologists,nematologists,andpaleontologists)thananyofthecorresponding
specializedsocieties—inotherwords,Japaneseresearchersparticipatinginbiodiver-
sity research do not have a single platform. To help overcome this organizational
deficiency,TheUnionofJapaneseSocietiesforNaturalHistorywasfoundedin1995,
andTheUnionoftheJapaneseSocietiesforSystematicBiologyin2002,tocoordi-
natetheactivitiesofthoseacademicsocietiesengagedinresearchinnaturalhistory
and systematics. This coordination includes capacity-building for natural history
museumsandspecimenstorage,improvementofglobalspecies-diversityinformation
facilities,andtheenhancementofyoungresearchers.Asaconsequence,networksof
researchersandtheknowledgeofanimalspeciesdiversityinJapanhavebeengreatly
enhancedinthelasttwodecades.
The intent of this book is to summarize and provide the status quo of our
knowledge of the biodiversity of the major groups of terrestrial, freshwater, and
marineanimalsinJapan.Eachchapteriswrittenbyaleadingcurrentspecialistin
thefield.Inwell-studiedgroupssuchasvertebrates,thetopicsaretreatedinterms
of the process of the formation of the faunas in geological time, i.e., during the
Quaternary period (Chaps. 1, 3, and 5), as well as the biogeographic patterns of
Preface vii
community composition (Chap. 4). On the other hand, a number of taxa remain
poorlyinvestigated, mostlyamongmarineinvertebrates(Chaps.2,13,14,15,16,
17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,and27)butalsointerrestrialandfreshwater
groups(Chaps.8,9,10,11,and12).
The authors of each chapter in this book are members of ZSJ and/or active
contributors to the society’s periodical journals,ZoologicalScience and Zoological
Letters. They range in stage of career from young postdocs (Chaps. 9 and 20) to
professorsemeritus(Chaps.17,26,and27),andwerechosenasspecialistsinmajor
groups of animals. The following phyla are not covered in this book: Placozoa,
Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Orthonectida, Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha,
Rotifera, Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Chaetognatha, Cycliophora, Micrognathozoa,
Mollusca,Nematomorpha,Priapulida,Loricifera,Onychophora,Xenacoelomorpha,
and Hemichordata. Completeness in taxonomic coverage at the phylum level was
hamperedlargelyduetotheabsenceorpaucityofexpertsinZSJ(e.g.,Mollusca)or
oftheanimalsthemselvesinJapan(e.g.,Cycliophora,Micrognathozoa,Onychophora).
Futurestudiesandcollaborationsareexpectedtofillthegap,andwehopethatthisbook
willstimulatefutureresearch.
Kyoto,Japan MasaharuMotokawa
Sapporo,Japan HiroshiKajihara
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the following 52 specialists for
reviewing the manuscripts: Wataru Abe (Dokkyo Medical University), Ramlall
Biseswar (University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa), Graham Bird (Ka¯iti,
New Zealand), Madgalena Błaz˙ewicz-Paszkowycz (University of Ło´dz´, Poland),
Anastasiya O. Borisanova (Moscow State University, Russia), Geoff A. Boxshall
(Natural History Museum, London, UK), Chaolun Allen Chen (Biodiversity
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan), Harlan Dean (University of Massa-
chusetts Boston, USA), Koshiro Eto (Kyoto University, Japan), Albrecht Fischer
(University of Mainz, Germany), Hironobu Fukami (University of Miyazaki,
Japan),DennisP.Gordon(NationalInstituteofWaterandAtmosphericResearch,
New Zealand), Ian G. Greadall (Tohoku University, Japan), Richard W. Heard
(University of Southern Mississippi, USA), Gordon Hendler (Natural History
MuseumofLosAngelesCounty,USA),MatthiasHerrmann(MaxPlanckInstitute
forDevelopmentalBiology,Germany),TsutomuHikida(KyotoUniversity,Japan),
Euichi Hirose (University of the Ryukyus, Japan), F. G. “Eric” Hochberg (Santa
BarbaraMuseumofNaturalHistory,USA),BertHoeksema(NaturalisBiodiversity
Center, Netherlands), Zhon-Ge Hou (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, China), Yukimitsu Imahara (Biological Institute on Kuroshio, Japan),
Michelle Kelly (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,
New Zealand), Yi-Te Lai (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Kohji Mabuchi
(UniversityofTokyo,Japan),MasafumiMatsui(KyotoUniversity,Japan),Bierger
Neuhaus (Museum f€ur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany), Claus Nielsen (Natural
History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Teruaki
Nishikawa (Toho University/Nagoya University, Japan), Isao Nishiumi (National
MuseumofNatureandScience,Japan),HirokuniNoda(TokyoWomen’sMedical
University, Japan), Jon L. Norenburg (National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, USA), Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa (National Autono-
mousUniversityofMexico,Mexico),SoichiOsozawa(TohokuUniversity,Japan),
Fernando Pardos (Universidad Complutense, Spain), David Pawson (National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA), Anja Schulze (Texas
ix
x Acknowledgments
A&M University, USA), Akio Shinohara (University of Miyazaki, Japan), Boris
Sket(UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia),RalfJ.Sommer(MaxPlanckInstitutefor
Developmental Biology, Germany), Sabine St€ohr (Swedish Museum of Natural
History, Sweden), Shi-Chun Sun (Ocean University of China, China), Hitoshi
Suzuki (Hokkaido University, Japan), Masaoki Takagi (Osaka City University,
Japan),HiroshiTakahashi(NationalFisheriesUniversity,Japan),MasaatsuTanaka
(Toho University, Japan), Mamoru Toda (University of the Ryukyus, Japan),
Atsushi Tominaga (University of the Ryukyus, Japan), Hiroshi Ueda (Kochi Uni-
versity, Japan), Rob Van Soest (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands),
Yi-QuanWang(XiamenUniversity,China),AlexHon-TsenYu(NationalTaiwan
University, Taiwan). We thank Matthew H. Dick (Hokkaido University) for
improving the English in the preface and some chapters of the book. We thank
Dr. Misato Kochi (Springer Japan) for her precise support and kind help. We are
alsothankfultoProfessorKazufumiTakamune(KumamotoUniversity)forgiving
usthis tremendous opportunitytoeditthisbook. Finally,we thank allthe authors
fortheirfinecontributionstoourbook.