Spazio e tempo nella fisica contemporanea. Una introduzione alla teoria della relatività e della gravitazione

98 Pages·1984·3.418 MB·Italian

by  Moritz Schlick

MORITZ SCHLICK
SPAZIEO T EMPO
NELLAF ISICCAO NTEMPORANEA
Unai ntroduzialolnate e oria
dellrae lateid veilgtlràaa vitazione
Prefazidio Lnued ovGiecymoo nat
BIBLIOPOLIS
Titoolroi ginRaaluem:u ndZ eiitn d erg egewinirtigPehny sik
Traduzidoinlelq au aretdaiz ion(e1 92di2 )E ugeniGoa lzenati
Prima ediziointea lifaenbab:r ai1o98 3
Seconda edmiazgigoin1oe9 :8 4
Proprileettàt errairsiear vata
ISBN 88· 7OI!8..Q6J·X
CopyrigCh t1 922b yS pringVeerr lag
CopyriCgh t1 979by «Bibliopeodliizsi,dio nfiil osoefi saci enze spa,.
Napolvii,aA rangRiuizo 83
INDICE
PrefazdioiLn ued ovGiecyom onat p. 9
I -DaN ewtoand E instein 19
II -Ilp rincidip rieol atisvpietcài ale 23
III -,Lrae latigveiotmàe trdieclals op azio 37
IV -La formulazmiaotneem atdieclalr ae latività dello
spazio 43
V -L'insepardaeblilglaei otmàe ter idae llafi sican el­
l'esperienza 47
VI -Lar elatidveilmt oàv imenet ilo s uor apporctoon
inerzei gar avitazione 51
VII -Il.postuldairt eloa tigveinteàr eal lede e terminazioni
dim isudrealc ontinuo spazio-temporale 59
VIII- Presentaez siiognnifiec adteol lleag gfeo ndamentale
delnluao vtae oria 67
IX -Lafin itezdzeall 'universo 77
X - Relazicoonnil afil osofia 85
Bibliogar cuarfiaa:d elAlu't ore 97

PREFAZIONE
1.S iè spespsaor ldaetlol 'evodleuplze inosnideeiM r oor itz
Schlick dau nap rimfaa sileul,m inios tniecoa- illuamdiu nnias tica,
secodnedcai sanmeeon-tpeo siOtgigvpiie srdtòii vceasr.ts uid dieols i
supoe ns-ietrroiaq uaplois asnnoo veraanrcmehe es teoslstoar ie
bepni aùu torceuvroaldtieo Pirh ii losoPpahpiec(raHsle nLk.M ulder
e BarbFa.rBav. a nd eV elde-SecdhiIntieic1l k7 9)8e 1799d alla
ReidPeulb lisChoimnpga- nys ostenignovneloc' ee sidsitu ennzaa
autentica tcrloaen d tuinefu aisCtiià.òc hes embcroan dualrlrae
scopedrtita a cloen tièns uoiptràa tlt'uetsdtaeompi er ismcir dietlt i
nostaruot odriqe u,e lclioicè h per ecedil ofnaom oasrot iDcioel o
Wended erP hiloso(pLhasi veo ldtealfi llao sopfiuab)b,l incealt o
19.3s0u lrliav i«Es rtkae nn»t,cn hivese ncnoen sidceormilae tm oa ­
nifepsrtoog atidciqo u esrtiav ista.
ramm
Orbenil ep,r esentveo lumceotsttoi tsueindszucabe b uinood ei
frutmteig lriiou sdceiltalina z id«eptrtia»m faaspeu;b blincealt o
191e7b,ba el ttrreee d iztieodneis ncehgaelnn ii1 9,11 929,01 292
eu nat raduzinigolnenese e1l 9 2a0do pedriaH enrLy.B ro(srei ­
prodotntePaih ilosoPpahpiectraesls ctiét canot im,iu tameenl tei
aggiuinnttreo ddoatS tcih lincekll qau aretdai zieo tnrea ddoat ti
PetHeera tRhi)t.e qnugion mdoil toop porltuans au oad ieprunba­
blicaziinlio nngeui at al(isapinuaar a es essantaancndiian llqpaur ei ­
mae dizitoendee sdcaua n)d ,o pppiuon tdoiv istiann:a ntuztit o
percheés sroa ppreusnedane tlmali eg lieosrpio sidzeilrolenali a tività
(Einsstteeinsn seeo l ogliacò h iareiznsz eac)o,ln udoopg eor chcéi
fornisucne' occamsoilotnoe pseerrrifl ieat tseurlcelo an tinoum iet­à
nod elslvilou ppdoep le nsdieiSr coh 1ick.
2.L 'intdeiSn ptaoze it oe mpnoe lfilsai ccoan temposriba anseaa
sud uep resupfpoonsdtaim ednict aarlait nteetrtea mielnltuem ini­
stilco)l:a s ciefnzapa a rdteeln loas tcrual teuq ruai nodginp ie rsona
10 SPAZIEO T E!4PO NELFLIAS ICCOAN TE�PORANEA
chea mbiasltc iat doi«l c oo l» tdae vsef ordziaa rsssii milipa rrinne­
cippiis ùi gni;fi2 c)ai tlci ovmippirtion cdieplafilllaeo sèoq fiuae llo
dip orirnle u cleea ssunuzlitoienpm iie nù a scdoeslltseei ngsocliee n­
zee d it rovamroed poei mlre ttienra lcec otrrdlaoo .r o
Mal at eoria scchihee arn itnniofivcpaait pùor ofondalmae nte
sciennezpiar idmuide e cennin odsetslre oc oèl,s oe coSncdho1, i ck
lar elateiinvsitteài( ndiaapnpaqr uiemlrali as tor septetcaei alpeo i
lag enee.r)D ail qluani e cescshoiegt nàpi e rscoonlast iapa o sitna
graddioc ogliiec ronnet epniuiùtn in ovaItldo orvied.re efill o sofo
consapdeevpior loepc roim psiatrpiàe rtaqnuteoldl ifo o rnuinrnae
esposiszciioennet ificcaomrerneent teetcl ao ntecmappoad cife a rsi
capired aanino cnh es ipsiet;acq iuaelsstcoo epsods oav rriàs ultare
esentem,a snsemilimlsaau p roas sidbaitile ec,n imcaitsemmiac thiec i
soglivoennoiu rsean teil plrae sentdaezlrileoaln aet riivsitterà,e tta
cossae nzdau bbpiiodù i fficnielllera,e latgievnietràa le.
Puòes seroep porrtiucnoor cdhanere e1l 913,qu anldamo e cca­
nicqau ant'iasvtrriiàcv aet luattltoasa u iam portaannczhae filosofica
(iiOs pepceliree crietsiscah es codolanl tiedrlveo at teer micnliassm­o
sioc)S,c hlpiucbkb liscuhlerlriaàv i«sDiteaN aturwisse»n schaften
una rtiilc coultioi tVoilKeoa usailnid tegiiret g enwiiPrhtyisgiekn
(Lcaa usanellifiltsaàic coan temporriacnoderaavd )ia c qiuneol dleol
volumqeuttitr oa dotto.
3.Ma èvp iu ruena ltsrcoo poS cchhlsei ipc rko pdoinc eo nse­
guinreepl r esente scnreiltlt'oad ret(1lic 9c1oo3m)lqe:ou eldlio
svilunpepllae rtetu onpr reo fosnpdiorc irtiotE igclèoii . n vefreor ­
mamenctoen vicnhteo sniop no scsoag liilse irgen iafiuctaetnot ico
delslcoi ecnoznat emposrena onnse ira i,e asr ceen dceornsdtieo l ­
l'attegcgoinasmaepnetvoco rlimtceihndcetio tes i ngJuase c iednezlal a
nosteproadc aaq uedlelSlae tte-Ottocento.
Giòv alei np artipecrol lata eroedr eilarl eal attàdi,icuv iiE instein
ricaipv ròi ndcaiu pni' ancarliitssicicru ap olosdiias lsciucmnoain ­
cet-tdii s pazdiito e,m pdoim, a sseac.,c c-hvee nivaacncoo lti
sendzias cuscsoim«oen naet ur»ad laillmae ccanneiwctao niana.
È intereossssvaeanrr-teea lfin e dia pprofoinlpd riorbel ema
dellcao ntion mueintdoàe ple nsideiSr chloi c-k chein questa
analaiffisoir ano chailacruiansmete ancnthzereei sultcearraantntoe ­
ristdiecnlhe eo -posiCtiri ivfiesrmiionpa. am rot icaolllsaee rgeu en­
tip:e dre cisdeeur nce o ncèe,to tn oo nè ,f orndiist eon oscoc,o rre
esaminiaclro nnet eenmuptio;r s ieic nofattèip riedvsitos al oce o n­
tenuto,n oanèl u lnco ornac estctioe net isefii clo ,cs ounot enuto
empirèi vcaogo oc co,rp reepro teurtliol inzezllasarc ei ernezna-,
PREFAZIONE 11
derclhoi aer por ec.Ci osmoeè n ot,i oln eo-posirtiipvriesnmdoe rà
quesitsat aenl zm'apa liaeffreàr macnh,dep oe erl imidnaalrfilelao ­
sofiiac osid«dp ertotbili enmsio l»u,o bcicloier b raes dtiam ostrare
chse it rantotnda i a utenptrioecbmi,lim adi problmeamlpi o s,t i
pridiv sio luzpieorncfeha éc eunstdioi c oncpertitdviii s(enneslo­
la'cceztieosantceéc enndia qtuae setsap rees)s.i on
Ne'lalmbdietfioe nomeelneit trom(anig pnaerttiiccoiot ltaircei )
spir esuennsati at uadzeigloe nneeo rraeac ceninn tauttiopt rio blemi
chceo nceriln coonsoi d«detetet»r,oec hdeo vrefbobren iilsr ic­i
stedmira i feripmreinvtiolr eigsipaaec ttuotpi oo tpearr ldaiqr uei ete
assoeldi u mtoat aos solSuetnoo.nl ces'hpée rimdeiMn itcoh eel son
Morleea yl tarnia lopgohnig oinnlo u clee's einsztdia a lcugnreas v­i
simceo ntradcdoinznieopsnrsioe,pa rlilo' ammdiisu snsi iosntee ma
dir iferismifaeftn.ttB ooa sat pir ovaurnsl ool eos em:pl i'eoer,te
concecpoimtseou ppodretlooln ed leu mi,n osdeovrebbe risultare in
quierties pestitsotc ehamse iit rovla'nuorn ios pettoi nua nllo' altro
stadit tor asluanziifoo;nr eqm eue esètm oa nifestiammpeionbs.itsl ee
.
Ebbe,np eeelri mintaurteqt uee sctoen tradldai zpivroionapi o,­
stdaaE instèec ionn sineslbt aintdadi arlefil saii cclao ntcteoe tdeir e
interprceotmaseto osz taaI.nne ffettsio,t topotnaeclneod noc eadt to
una'nalcirsiitr iicgao rsoics oan,s cthaeets asn oo nè a ltsreno o ni l
frutdtiuo n 'ipgortaettsauci,io straub ietlpalo as pteapr o tceorn ­
servlaeir dee dee llvae ccfihsiiacc laa s«simacn ae,pi r ocdeeslslia
natuurnta a cloe rdpior iferipmreinvtioln eognsi ima atnoei sftian
alcucna s»o (.p2 7).
QuiS chlsiic kt preocrvo ads iìr ceo ndoptemtroa ndoa E instein
ada bbozlzata erpseoi c soo pmrean ziocniaritpc ara o blmeamplio sti,
chdei ven,ct oemrgeài rài cordialfm umlodc,er slou poe nsineerlol a
secofnadsa(e n eo-posdietlislvuaiea sv toilcuazfi)il oocns.aeo fi
Dif ronatdue n as ituadzeigloe nneeè rd ei fficnielgeac rheie l
neo-posidit Sicvhiltsirmcaokos rsieg piindùea u nas erriiflae ssione
sufio ndamdeenlstlciai e(nnip zaar tidceollrlaearl ea teiivnisttàe inia­
nach)e d aa strsaptetceu lfialzoisoo.nfi ic he
Da questdoi v siptulana,pt roe seonpteèere ats remamsein­te
gnificpaetriccvhaifé ac onstdaitraertet lau'mtaeenntuteni ic,ta à che
sire alini Szczhal, fi rciakn dagfiilnoes oifincdaa gseic nieec n.at ifi
4.A llpaa gi3n7da i q uesto vloelgugm:ie« atmtLaood oman­
daf ondamenCthaceli se ip uòp orarp er oposito ed deelll o spazio
tempionu, n af ormuladzeitlou ntpeto op olea fraemi ia,lrs euona
anzitcuo:tsT tìeom peos pazsioonv oe ramente rqeuaa»ll.ec ?o sa di
Ilq uesèie tvoi dentceomnesnnsetpoee,q r u anrtiog ulaors dpaa -
12 SPAZIEO T EMPON ELLFAI ISCAC ONTEMPOIlANEA
ziaol,p robldeemlla' edtiesrcenu esplsa or agprrecedenatfeo; sarebbe
agevionlfear titsipo ndcehlreoe s pazèi o reasletl àos ipo tesse
una
penstaortea lmreinetmepd iatlol 'meetnetrèred e,i fficdialrveui n a
rispsoesl toca o ncepcioammieon dipenddaelcnlotesce eh leo oc cu­
panEoc.c loep arocloencui Schleiscpokn le' intrqiuceasttai one:
«ciasscuneon (tceh sep)a zeti eom pos onmoe naou tondoemllcieo se
chees isitnoe nsose ia ;l cfiluonsio hfia nnsop esssoot tolqiuneesattao
mancandziia n dipenddiecnezcnahdn,eoe ssduendiou ees ipesrts eé ,
chneo ns ip otrepbabreld aisr pea zsieno o nv if osisnee s saol cun
corpoec, h es,i milmleann otzei,do int ee mpsoa repbrbiedv isa i gni­
ficato, siv erificansesmleo ndaol cpurnoc esos aol cutnraa ­
se non
sformazDi'oalntpera.ar stpeaz ieo t empoa,n chpee ilr senc0-so
munen,o ns onaoff atsteom plicile nmuelnletase;i sitnofnaogt rtain ­
dis ezidoenlitl eac nvioclaet sec lusiavs aumpeenrtlaeosr pea zei o
il tempo»( p3.7 ).
Ina lttreir miSncih:lis cirk e nqduepi e rfettcaomnectnhotpe ee r
cerntoez icoonmiqe,u eldils ep aezd iiot empèoe ,s tremadmifefin­te
cidleec idseear beb iuanns oi gnificnaets oi aponr oi vIelq. u esito
formuallalt'oi dneiplzr ieos epnatrea gèr paofrio e saon copriaù
complesfsaot ctdhoane lo ns appicahmceoo ssaid ebbian tendere
com«er ea»l.t à
Map roparq iuoe sptuon tsoe,m psreec oSncdho1 liafic ski,c a può
intervienan iiurteo fildoeslolffiaa ac,ea npdpoe alu lnoat esein un­
ciadtaPa l an(cgkmi aàe sdtirS och liacB ke rlino«)T:u tctiocò h sei
pumòi surèaa nrceesh ies tente
».
Comèee videcnitt reo,v idaifm roo natu en an uovpar odveal ­
l'uncihtieàln ostaruot orriet ideisn ceo rfgreiarne d agfiilnoes ofica
ei ndagsicniee ntifica.
5.I lq uesciitrloca ra e aaletlàsl poa zedi eotl e mpos ièd unque
trasfoinr qmuaetlopl ionù,e ttamsecniteen tdifiecllolo,arm oi sura­
bilcihtceào ,s tiitutlie smccaee ntdreallrleea l atgievnietrSàachl liec.k
èc ocsoin vindteols luaia m portcahvneizd ae dibcesane cia pidteoll­i
las utar attaz(idoatnlee r alzl'oo ttmaevnot)ar vee rviat ensuutffio­
cienutnse o lcoa pit(oislleo c onpdeolr)' esdaemllera e latriiv­ità
streItlrt ias.u lottatteonèu tvoe rcoa poladvico hrioa rseczizean ­
un
tificeafi losocfihcepa,u, rs eniznat rosduenr ornile m iniimnod i­
spensdaiba iplpea rmaattoe martiiecasoc c,oe n duilr lreet taollrae
comprendseiloblnaeesp ii pùr ofodnedletl eao rei dae llseu pei ù
ardciotnes eguenze.
Rinviaalnl'deos admeetl e sctiob ,a sqtuisi o ttolliacn oena­re
clusdieolln'ea nsaclhliiscik« iLoa nsap:a zeili toe mppeor,s én,o n