Spatial Grasp as a Model for Space-based Control and Management Systems

202 Pages·2022·32.039 MB·English

by  Peter Simon Sapaty

Spatial Grasp as a Model for
Space-based Control and
Management Systems
Governmental agencies and private companies of different countries are actively
moving into space around Earth with the aim to provide smart communica-
tion and industry, security, and defense solutions. This often involves massive
launches of small, cheap satellites in low earth orbits, which is also contribut-
ing to the growth of space debris. The book offers a high-level holistic system
philosophy, model, and technology that can effectively organize distributed
space-based systems, starting with their planning, creation, and growth. The
Spatial Grasp Technology described in the book, based on parallel navigation
and pattern-matching of distributed environments with high-level recursive
mobile code, can effectively provide any networking protocols and important
system applications, by integrating and tasking available terrestrial and celes-
tial equipment. This book contains practical examples of technology-based
solutions for tracing hypersonic gliders, continuing observation of certain
objects and infrastructures on Earth from space, space-based command and
control of large distributed systems, as well as collective removal of increasing
amounts of space junk. Earlier versions of this technology were prototyped and
used in different countries, with the current version capable of being quickly
implemented in traditional industrial or even university environments. This
book is oriented toward system scientists, application programmers, industry
managers, and university students interested in advanced MSc and PhD proj-
ects related to space conquest and distributed system management.
Dr Peter Simon Sapaty, Chief Research Scientist, Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences, has worked with networked systems for five decades. Outside of
Ukraine, he has worked in the former Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic
and Slovakia), Germany, the UK, Canada, and Japan as a group leader,
Alexander von Humboldt researcher, and invited and visiting professor.
He launched and chaired the Special Interest Group (SIG) on Mobile
Cooperative Technologies in Distributed Interactive Simulation project in
the United States, and invented a distributed control technology that
resulted in a European patent and books with Wiley, Springer, and Emerald.
He has published more than 250 papers on distributed systems and has
been included in the Marquis Who’s Who in the World and Cambridge
Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st century. Peter also works with several
international scientific journals.

Spatial Grasp as a Model
for Space-based Control
and Management Systems
Peter Simon Sapaty
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2022 Peter Simon Sapaty
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ISBN: 978-1-032-13609-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-13610-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-23009-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003230090
Typeset in Sabon
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
For encouraging and supporting the preparing of this book to my
wife Lilia, son Alex, grandsons Eugene and Vanya, and mother-in-law
Valentina, 97, our high school geography teacher, who now sees a
great opportunity to teach geography from Space.

Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The rush into space, existing problems, and
solutions needed 1
1.2 Some history of dealing with large distributed systems 2
1.3 New philosophy, model, and technology for the
management of space 2
1.4 Summary of book chapters 4
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Satellite constellations, projects, and debris 4
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Spatial Grasp Model (SGM) and
Spatial Grasp Technology (SGT) 4
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) 4
1.4.4 Chapter 5: Elementary constellation operations
under SGT 5
1.4.5 Chapter 6: Transport layer organization under SGT 5
1.4.6 Chapter 7: Advanced space projects
management under SGT 6
1.4.7 Chapter 8: Using virtual layer for
constellation management 6
1.4.8 Chapter 9: Space debris removal under SGT 7
1.4.9 Chapter 10: Conclusions 7
References 7
2 Satellite constellations, projects, and debris 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Constellations and mega-constellations 16
2.2.1 General on multiple satellites 16
2.2.2 Constellation management issues 17
2.2.3 Onboard intelligence needed 18
vii
viii Contents
2.2.4 Replacement and variable size of satellites 18
2.2.5 Communication issues 18
2.2.6 Gateways and antennas 19
2.2.7 Mega-constellations and mega-debris 19
2.3 Examples of projects with multiple satellites in space 20
2.3.1 Strategic defense initiative 20
2.3.2 Next-generation space architecture 22
2.3.3 Commercial and industrial projects 24
2.4 Debris problems and solutions 25
2.4.1 General on debris 25
2.4.2 Legal issues of removal 26
2.4.3 Surveillance and tracking 26
2.4.4 Complexity of removal 27
2.4.5 Removal contracts and techniques 27
2.4.6 Very first removal missions 28
2.5 Conclusions 28
References 28
3 Spatial Grasp Model (SGM) and Spatial Grasp
Technology (SGT) 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Algorithm and flowcharts 34
3.3 Spatial Grasp (SG) versus traditional algorithm 35
3.3.1 Elementary Spatial Grasp explanation 35
3.3.1.1 Single operation 35
3.3.1.2 Sequence of operations 37
3.3.2 Using rules 38
3.3.2.1 In sequencing of operations 38
3.3.2.2 In branching operations 40
3.3.3 Recursive hierarchy of scenarios 42
3.3.4 Treating any operations as rules too 43
3.3.4.1 Collecting data for local processing 43
3.3.4.2 Local processing but leaving
results remotely 43
3.3.5 Expressing sequences of operations by a rule too 45
3.3.6 The resultant unified recursive syntax
of SG scenarios 45
3.3.6.1 Some possible flowchart extensions 46
3.3.6.2 Some scenario simplifications 47
3.4 Spatial Grasp Technology (SGT) basics 47
3.4.1 The Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) 48
3.4.2 The worlds SGT operates with 49
3.4.3 SGL constants 49
Contents ix
3.4.4 SGL variables 49
3.4.5 SGL rules 50
3.4.6 Control states 50
3.4.7 How SGL scenarios evolve 51
3.4.8 Networked SGL interpreter 52
3.4.8.1 General on SGL interpretation 52
3.4.8.2 Some interpreter details 52
3.4.8.3 Spatial track system 53
3.5 Conclusions 55
References 55
4 Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Full SGL syntax and general issues 60
4.3 SGL constants 63
4.3.1 Information 63
4.3.2 Physical matter 64
4.3.3 Special constants 64
4.3.4 Custom constants 66
4.3.5 Compound constants 66
4.4 SGL variables 66
4.4.1 Global variables 66
4.4.2 Heritable variables 67
4.4.3 Frontal variables 67
4.4.4 Nodal variables 68
4.4.5 Environmental variables 68
4.5 Rules 71
4.5.1 Type 72
4.5.2 Usage 72
4.5.3 Movement 73
4.5.4 Creation 75
4.5.5 Echoing 76
4.5.6 Verification 80
4.5.7 Assignment 81
4.5.8 Advancement 81
4.5.9 Branching 83
4.5.10 Transference 87
4.5.11 Exchange 88
4.5.12 Timing 89
4.5.13 Qualification 90
4.5.14 Grasping 91
4.6 Examples of spatial scenarios in SGL 92
4.6.1 Network management 92