Table Of ContentSpatial Analytical Perspectives on GIS
Also in the GISDATA Series
I GIS and generalization: methodology and practiceedited by J.C.Müller, J.-
P.Lagrange and R.Weibel
II Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundariesedited by P.A.Burrough
and A.U.Frank
III GIS diffusion: the adoption and use of geographical information systems in
local government in Europeedited by I.Masser, H.Campbell and M.Craglia
Series Editors
I.Masser and F.Salgé
Spatial Analytical
Perspectives on GIS
EDITORS
MANFRED FISCHER, HENK J.SCHOLTEN
and DAVID UNWIN
GISDATA IV
SERIES EDITORS
I.MASSER and F.SALGÉ
UK Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1 Gunpowder Square, London, EC4A 3DE
USA Taylor & Francis Inc., 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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British Library Cataloguing in Puhlication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0-203-21177-4 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-26923-3 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-7484-0339-6 (Print Edition) (hard)
ISBN 0-7484-0340-X (paperback)
Library of Congress Cataloging Publication Data are available
Cover design by Hybert Design and Type, Waltham St Lawrence, Berkshire.
Contents
Series Editors’ Preface vii
Editors’ Preface ix
Notes on Editors xi
Contributors xii
European Science Foundation x iv
PART ONE Spatial Analysis Procedures 1
1 Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Data 2
Analysis and Spatial Modelling: An Introduction
Manfred M.Fischer, Henk J.Scholten and David Unwin
2 Developing Spatial Analysis Functions Relevant to 24
GIS Environments
Stan Openshaw and Graham Clarke
3 Scripting and Toolbox Approaches to Spatial 44
Analysis in a GIS Context
R.S.Bivand
4 Designing a Health Needs GIS with Spatial Analysis 60
Capability
Robert Haining
5 Geostatistics, Rare Disease and the Environment 75
M.A.Oliver
6 Interactive Spatial Analysis of Soil Attribute 96
Patterns using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and
GIS
J.L.Gunnink and P.A.Burrough
7 Exploring Spatio-temporal Data 1 10
Antony Unwin
vi
8 The Moran Scatterplot as an ESDA Tool to Assess 1 21
Local Instability in Spatial Association
Luc Anselin
PART Two Spatial Integration Issues 1 39
9 Integration through Overlay Analysis 1 40
David Unwin
10 Descriptive Modelling and Declarative Modelling for 1 53
Spatial Data
Bianca Falcidieno, Caterina Pienovi and Michela
Spagnuolo
11 Predictive Spatial Data Analysis in the Geosciences 1 63
Andrea G.Fabbri and Chang-Jo F.Chung
12 Problems of Integrating GIS and Hydrological 1 78
Models
U.Streit and K.Wiesmann
13 Spatial Pattern of Ecological Processes: The Role of 1 93
Similarity in GIS Applications for Landscape
Analysis
Enrico Feoli and Vincenzo Zuccarello
14 Integrating GIS into the Planning Process 2 07
T.A.Arentze, A.W.J.Borgers and H.J.P.Timmerman
PART THREE Spatial Dynamic Modelling 2 22
15 Spatial Simulation Modelling 2 23
António S.Câmara, Francisco Ferreira and Paulo Castro
16 CityLife: A Study of Cellular Automata in Urban 2 37
Dynamics
Geoffrey G.Roy and Folke Snickars
17 Dynamic Modelling of Urban Systems 2 55
Lena Sanders
18 Conclusions 2 74
Henk J.Scholten
Index 2 78
The GIS Data Series
Editors’ Preface
Over the last few years there have been many signs that a European GIS
community is coming into existence. This is particularly evident in the launch of
the first of the European GIS (EGIS) conferences in Amsterdam in April 1990,
the publication of the first issue of a GIS journal devoted to European issues
(GIS Europe) in February 1992, the creation of a multipurpose European ground-
related information network (MEGRIN) in June 1993, and the establishment of a
European organisation for geographic information (EUROGI) in October 1993.
Set in the context of increasing pressures towards greater European integration,
these developments can be seen as a clear indication of the need to exploit the
potential of a technology that can transcend national boundaries to deal with a
wide range of social and environmental problems that are also increasingly seen
as transcending the national boundaries within Europe.
The GISDATA scientific programme is very much part of such developments.
Its origins go back to January 1991, when the European Science Foundation
funded a small workshop at Davos in Switzerland to explore the need for a
European level GIS research programme. Given the tendencies noted above it is
not surprising that participants of this workshop felt very strongly that a
programme of this kind was urgently needed to overcome the fragmentation of
existing research efforts within Europe. They also argued that such a programme
should concentrate on fundamental research and it should have a strong
technology transfer component to facilitate the exchange of ideas and experience
at a crucial stage in the development of an important new research field.
Following this meeting a small coordinating group was set up to prepare more
detailed proposals for a GIS scientific programme during 1992. A central element
of these proposals was a research agenda of priority issues groups together under
the headings of geographic databases, geographic data integration, and social and
environmental applications.
The GISDATA scientific programme was launched in January 1993. It is a
four-year scientific programme of the Standing Committee of Social Sciences of
the European Science Foundation. By the end of the programme more than 300
scientists from 20 European countries will have directly participated in
GISDATA activities and many others will have utilised the networks built up as
a result of them. Its objectives are:
viii
■ to enhance existing national research efforts and promote collaborative
ventures overcoming European-wide limitations in geographic data
integration, database design and social and environmental applications;
■ to increase awareness of the political, cultural, organisational, technical and
informational barriers to the increased utilisation and inter-operability of GIS
in Europe;
■ to promote the ethical use of integrated information systems, including GIS,
which handle socio-economic data by respecting the legal restrictions on data
privacy at the national and European levels;
■ to facilitate the development of appropriate methodologies for GIS research at
the European level;
■ to produce output of high scientific value;
■ to build up a European network of researchers with particular emphasis on
young researchers in the GIS field.
A key feature of the GISDATA programme is the series of specialist meetings
that has been organised to discuss each of the issues outlined in the research
agenda. The organization of each of these meetings is in the hands of a small task
force of leading European experts in the field. The aim of these meetings is to
stimulate research networking at the European level on the issues involved and
also to produce high quality output in the form of books, special issues of major
journals and other materials.
With these considerations in mind, and in collaboration with Taylor &
Francis, the GISDATA series has been established to provide a showcase for this
work. It will present the products of selected specialist meetings in the form of
edited volumes of specially commissioned studies. The basic objective of the
GISDATA series is to make the findings of these meetings accessible to as wide
an audience as possible to facilitate the development of the GIS field as a whole.
For these reasons the work described in the series is likely to be of
considerable importance in the context of the growing European GIS
community. However, given that GIS is essentially a global technology most of
the issues discussed in these volumes have their counterparts in research in other
parts of the world. In fact there is already a strong UK dimension to the
GISDATA programme as a result of the collaborative links that have been
established with the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis
through the United States National Science Foundation. As a result it is felt that
the subject matter contained in these volumes will make a significant
contribution to global debates on geographic information systems research.
Ian Masser
François Salgé
Editors’ Preface
In our increasingly global society, the future success of GIS technology in fields
such as environmental monitoring and urban and regional planning depends on
its ability to support decision making at all levels. On the one hand, this requires
the development of new methods of spatial analysis that are sufficiently
powerful to cope with the complexity of analysis in data-rich GIS environments.
On the other hand, it necessitates a much greater integration of GIS with
techniques to explore and explain observed spatial patterns in large datasets and
to model future events. Although in Europe research on GIS and spatial analysis
is being carried out in many different countries and disciplines, the need for a
more concerted effort prompted the selection of this topic for the first specialist
meeting of the socio-economic and environmental applications cluster of the
GISDATA programme.
Initially, a small task force, made up of Professors Henk J.Scholten (Free
University of Amsterdam), Manfred M.Fischer (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien),
Stan Openshaw (University of Leeds) and Andrea Fabbri (ITC, Enschede), met
in Amsterdam on 1 July, 1993 to organise a specialist meeting on GIS and
spatial analysis. The task force invited twenty-five participants to the meeting,
which was held in Amsterdam on 1–5 December, 1993, and which had the primary
objective of stimulating fundamental research in this area by bringing together
scholars from across Europe and the USA. This book presents a major outcome
of that gathering. Another has been the establishment of a specialist interest
group which held a follow-up workshop organised by Professor Antony Unwin
(University of Augsburg) on the application of exploratory spatial data analysis
tools. Finally, all these developments were reported to the general community of
geographers in special sessions organised in co-operation with the IGU
Commission on Mathematical Models held during the 28th International
Geographical Congress in The Hague in August 1996.
The chapters included in this volume overview the state-of-the-art in research
in spatial analysis using GIS but, in addition, they provide numerous directions
for future work. As more and more disciplines have realised the power of a
spatial perspective in their work, so the last decade has seen an enormous
increase in interest in spatial analysis. The years to come will see even greater
interest as more and more spatially-located data become available for analysis.
