Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

740 Pages·2008·43.2 MB·English

United States Spatial Accuracy Assessment in
Department of
Agriculture
Natural Resources and
Forest Service
Environmental Sciences:
Rocky Mountain Second International Symposium
Forest and Range
Experiment Station
Fort Collins, May 21-23,1996
Colorado 80526
Fort Collins, Colorado
General Technical
Report RM-GTR-277
H. Todd Mowrer, Raymond L. Czaplewski, R. H. Hamre
Abstract
Mowrer, H. Todd; Czaplewski, Raymond L.; Hamre, R. H. tech coords. 1996.
Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences:
Second International Symposium. May 21-23, 1996. General Technical Report
RM-GTR-277. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 728 p.
This international symposium on theory and techniques for assessing the
accuracy of spatial data and spatial analyses included more than ninety presen-
tations by representatives from government, academic, and private institutions
in over twenty countries throughout the world. To encourage interactions across
disciplines, presentations in the general subject areas of spatial statistics, geo-
graphic information systems, remote sensing, and multidisciplinary approaches
were intermixed throughout the three days of sessions.
Primary Sponsor
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
Fort Collins, Colorado
Endorsing Organizations
International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO):
Sections 4.01,4.02,4.11, and 4.12
American Statistical Association: Section on Statistics and the Environment
National Center for Geographic Information Analysis
International Biometric Society
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: CIS Division,
European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories:
Special Interest Group on Landuse Planning and Forestry
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Copies of this publication may be obtained by the following methods:
E-mail: /s=r.schneider/[email protected]
Phone: [phone]
FAX: [phone] Attn: Publications
Mail: Publications Distribution
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
3825 East Mulberry Street
Fort Collins, CO 80524-8597
USDA Forest Service May 1996
General Technical Report RM-GTR-277
Spatial Accuracy Assessment in
Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences:
Second International Symposium
Technical Coordinators:
H. Todd Mowrer, Raymond L. Czaplewski, R. H. Hamre
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station1
'Headquarters is in Fort Collins, in cooperation with Colorado State University.
Preface
This Second International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in
Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences follows two years after the
first symposium in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, chaired by Dr. James L.
Smith. We hope to maintain and build on the spirit of open discussion and
considerate but honest evaluation that Jim engendered throughout the
Williamsburg Symposium.
It is apparent fiom the size of these proceedings that spatial accuracy
assessment is an area of increasing effort and importance. Within the past
decade, we have developed extensive spatial databases and have begun to
realize their potential. We have now reached a point of maturity in spatial
analyses where we must routinely evaluate the quality of those data sets, and
the consequent reliability of the end-products of their use. Spatial data, and
model predictions of spatial attributes, are becoming widely recognized as
necessary support for intelligent decisions in resource management and
environmental protection. Decision-makers and their staffs are becoming
more accountable for evaluation of the quality of spatial data and model
predictions, upon which policy analyses, strategic plans, and risk assessments
are built. Objective evaluations of spatial accuracy are necessary to compare
alternative technologies and competing models. Such comparisons speed
improvement in our knowledge and in the state-of-the-art.
In order to hrther the informed use of spatial data and to improve data
quality, the natural resource and environmental science communities must use
a multidisciplinary approach, drawing fiom the methodologies presented here.
We have attempted to build upon the theme of the first symposium,
"unlocking the puzzle," through the logo of puzzle pieces used on the cover of
these proceedings, indicating the many techniques and subject areas that must
be intermeshed to produce a coherent picture of spatial accuracy assessment.
The Steering Committee wishes to express our deep appreciation to Robert H.
Harnre, retired Station Editor, who kindly volunteered his services to
professionally format these proceedings. Bob has generously and cheerfblly
given the proceedings a level of quality that otherwise would not have been
within our resources. The papers included in these proceedings were
produced in camera-ready format by the individual authors, who have sole
responsibility for their content. By virtue of their effort, participation, and
support, it is our hope that these proceedings may provide a significant
contribution to hrther the recognition and development of spatial accuracy
assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences.
Contents
Page
Spatial Statistics
.......................................
Statistical modeling of environmental data in space and time
Noel Cressie
..............
A case study in geostatistical modeling for petroleum reservoir description
J@ey M. Yarus, J@y A. May, and Timothy C. Coburn
.....................................................................
An overview of stochastic spatial simulation
R. Mohan Srivastava
........................................................................
Choosing and using simulation algorithms
Donald E. Myers
......................................................................
The components of geostatistical simulation
Carol A. Gotway and Brian M. Rutheqord
A general method for the efficient selection of sampling locations for problems
..............................................................................................
in environmental restoration
Brian M. RutherJord
Consideration of spatial variability in the management of non-point source
....................................................................................................
pollution to groundwater
W.W oldt, F. Goderya, M. Dahab, and I. Bogardi
Incorporating soil variability into a spatially distributed model of percolate
...............................................................................................................................
accounting
Andrew S. Xogowski
...............
Response of a watershed model to varying spatial landscape chactesristics
Dennis P. Swaney, Wen Ling Kuo, David A. Weinstein, Charles Mohler,
Stephen DeGloria, Chris Pelkie, Fuan Tsai, Tammo S. Steenhuis, and
Charles E. McCulloch
......................
Understanding the spatial distribution of tree species in Pennsylvania
Rachel Riemann Hershey
A calibration-based model for correcting area estimates from coarse resolution
.......................................................................................................................
land cover data
Aaron Moody
Geostatistical analysis of multi-spatial resolution imaging spectrometer data for
........................................................................................
characterizing forest ecosystems
Paul M. Treitz and Philip J. Howarth
Application of multiscale modeling for characterizing variability in hydrologic
.................................................................................................................................
processes
Praveen Kumar
Flow based scale-up of heterogeneous porous media using homogenization and
.........................................................................................................
wavelet representation
Joe Koebbe and Ryan Thomas
Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models allowing stochastic downscaling of
.................................
synoptic atmospheric patterns to local hydrologic phenomena
Peter Guttorp and James P. Hughes
Explicit consideration of multiple landscape scales while selecting
.................................................................................................................
spatial resolutions
John B. Collins and Curtis E. Woodcock
iii
.......................................
Using trend surface methodology to compare spatial surfaces
Dale Zimmerman, Zhi-Jun Liu, and George Hallberg
.........................
The effect of spatial covariance heterogeneity on prediction variance
J. Andrew Royle and Doug Nychka
Further explorations of relationships between semi-variogram and
........................................................................................
spatial autoregressive models
Daniel A. Grflth, Larry J. Lane, and Philip G. Doyle
A gamma-function model for d-variate spectra and cross-spectra for large scale
........................
frequency domain simulation of stationary random functions in Rn
Leon F. Borgman and John W.K ern
Computing the area affected by phosphorus runoff in an Everglades wetland
..............................................................................
using Bayesian and universal kriging
Song S. Qian
Mapping synecological coordinates: a spatial analysis of environmental
..........................................................................................
indices in a forested landscape
Margaret R. Holdaway and Gary J. Brand
.........
On the robustness of the data assimilation methods in air pollution modeling
X. F. Zhang and A. W.H eemink
Geographic Information Systems
..................................................
The development of a GIs information quality module
Jane Drummond, Allan Brown, Du Daosheng, Corne' van Elzakker
....................................
Communication of uncertainty in spatial data to policy makers
Morwenna Spear, Jane Hall, and Richard Wadsworth
......................
Measuring the performance of algorithms for generating ground slope
William H. Ryder and Demetra E. Voyadgis
.................................
Experimental development of a model of vector data uncertainty
G. J. Hunter, J.Hock, M. Robey, and M. F. Goodchild
A user-friendly tool for error modelling and error propagation in a
...................................................................................................................
GIs environment
Frank Forier and Frank Canters
Discrete polygons or a continuous surface: which is the appropriate way to
.........................................................................................
model forests cartographically?
Kim Lowell
................................................
Choosing between abrupt and gradual spatial variation?
Gerard B. M. Heuvelink and Johan A. Huisman
.................................................................
Stratified kriging using vague transition zones
G. Boucneau, M. Van Meirvenne, 0. Thas, and G. Hofman
.........................................
The effect of uncertain locations on disease cluster statistics
GeoffreyM . Jacquez and Lance A. Waller
................................
Reliability of area mapping by delineation in aerial photographs
Claus-Peter Gross and Petra Adler
........................
The effect of database generalization on the accuracy of the viewshed
Peter Fisher
Modeling slope stability uncertainty: a case study at the H. J. Andrews
.................................................................
Long-Term Ecological Research Site, Oregon
Michelle L. Murillo and Gary J. Hunter
(Continued)
....................................................
An accuracy assessment of a spatial bioclimatic model
D. W.M cKenney, B. G. Mackey, M. F. Hutchinson, and R. A. Sims
..................................
An assessment of the horizontal accuracy of interim terrain data
L. A. Fatale, J. A. Messmore, and J. R. Ackeret
..........................
Acquisition of spatial data by forest management agencies: a review
Michael J. C. Weir
Attribute and positional accuracy assessment of the Murray Darling Basin
...................................................................................................................
project, Australia
R. W.F itzgerald, K. T. Ritman, and A. Lewis
....................................................
A new method for evaluating positional map accuracy
Michael Lodin and David Skea
......................................................
Exploring spatial confidence with a raster-based GIs
Matthew H. Pelkki
........................
GPS-located accuracy assessment plots on the Modoc National Forest
Kevin Casey
A method for measuring the spatial accuracy of coordinates collected using
............................................................................................
the global positioning system
Thomas Owens and David McConville
...........
GPS vs. traditional methods of data imput: improving spatial data accuracy?
Russell Combs, Jr., James L. Smith, and Paul V.B olstad
Remote Sensing
Large scale tropical forest change monitoring using multiple resolution
............
satellite data: from hot spot detection to global deforestation assessment?
Hervi Jeanjean, Fridiric Achard, and Jean-Paul Malingreau
Optimum area sampling frame using high resolution satallite images with
operational objective: how to conciliate statistical requirements and
.....................................................................................................................
practical aspects
Hilkne De Boissezon and Hervk Jeanjean
..........
The use of AVHRR satellite imagery to monitor boreal ecosystem forest fires
Donald R. Cahoon, Jr., and Brian J. Stocks
Large area forest cover assessment: effects of misregistration in a double
.......................
sampling approach with coarse and high resolution satellite images
Ckristoph Kleinn, Berthold Traub, and Matthias Dees
........................................................
Linear mixture modeling with autocorrelated errors
Jayantha Ediriwickrema, Siamak Khorram, Marcia Gumpertz, and
John Brockhaus
Validation process of the USGS seasonal land cover regions of the
................................................................................................
conterminous United States
Zkiliang Zhu, Donald 0 .O hlen, Raymond L. Czaplewski, and
Robert E. Burgan
Investigation of possible contributions NDVI's have to misclassification in
..........................................................................................................
AVHRR data analysis
David L. Evans and Raymond L. Czaplewski
Measures of association and agreement for describing land cover
.........................................................................................................
characterization classes
Eugene A. Fosnight and Gary W.F owler
......................
Forest spatial surveys using the Rao-Hartley-Cochran sampling design
J@ey S. Pontius
Increasing spatial precision and accuracy for monitoring peatlands in
.....................................................................
Switzerland by remote sensing techniques
Michael Kohl, Hans Jorg Schnellbiicher, and Andreas Griinig
................................................
Spatial and temporal models in contextual classification
Bo Ranneby
Generalized linear mixed models for analyzing error in a satellite-based
........................................................................................................
vegetation map of Utah
Gretchen G. Moisen, D. Richard Cutler, and Thomas C. Edwards, Jr.
Statistical properties of measures of association and the kappa statistic for
................
assessing the acccuracy of remotely sensed data using double sampling
Mohammed A. Kalkhan, Robin M. Reich, and Raymond L. Czaplewski
....
Comparing methods used to combine multi-level samples of compositional data
Murray Todd Williams
Cost-effective, practical sampling strategies for accuracy assessment of
.....................................................................................................
large-area thematic maps
Stephen V. Stehman
...
Spatial and probabilistic classification of forest structures using landsat TM data
Jeffrey L. Moffett and Julian Besag
..........................................................
Total error estimation in a spatial database for GIs
Jose Alberto Quintanilha and Marcos Rodrigues
........................................
Assessing the accuracy of a regional land cover classification
William Clerke, Raymond Czaplewski, J4J Campbell, and Janet Fahringer
.......................................
Sampling satellite images for area estimates in a large region
F. J. Gallego
Cooperative accuracy assessment strategies for sampling a natural landcover
....................................................................................................................
map of Arkansas
Robert S. Dzur, Michael E. Garner, Kimberly G. Smith, W.F redrick Limp,
Donald G. Catanzaro, and Richard L. Thompson
Multidisciplinary
.......................................................................
Fuzzy measures in multi-criteria evaluation
J. Ronald Eastman and Hong Jiang
........
On roles and goals for map accuracy assessment: a remote sensing perspective
Curtis E. Woodcock
Integration of inventory and field data for automated fuzzy accuracy
assessment of large scale remote-sensing derived vegetation maps in
.....................................................................................................
Region 5 national forests
]#A. Milliken and Curtis E. Woodcock
....................................................................
Uncertainty of spatial metric relations in GIs
Xiaoyong Chen, Takeshi Doihara, and Mitsuru Nasu
.............................................................
Plot collocation error: impacts on area estimation
Willem W. S. van Hees
Sensitivity of landscape pattern metrics to misclassification and differences
...................................................................................................
in land cover composition
James D. Wickham, Robert V.O 'Neill, Kurt H. Riitters, Timothy G. Wade,
and K. Bruce Jones
Spatial (in)consistency of watershed delineations among agencies and scales in
..........................................................................................................................
Pennsylvania 561
Wayne L. Myers, Barry M. Evans, and Michael C. Anderson
(Continued)
Communicating the results of accuracy assessment: Metadata, ditital libraries,
...............................................................................................
and assessing fitness for use
Michael F. Goodchild
............................................
Covariate-directed sampling for assessing species richness
G. P. Patil, Glen Johnson, and Matteo Grigoletto
Data accuracy to data quality: using spatial statistics to predict the implications
...............................................................................................
of spatial error in point data
Adam Lewis and Michael F. Hutchinson
Moving into secondary map projections: an analysis of potential inconsistencies
.........................................................................................................................
in spatial data
Mohamad N. Said and Peter F. Fisher
.....................
Filling in missing forestry data: exploring autocorrelational techniques
Alissa N. Antle and Peter L. Marshall
Optimizing sampling schemes for mappping and dredging polluted
......................................................................................................................
sediment layers
L. Hazelhoffand F. Ho$sloot
...............................................
Forest cover monitoring in India: the satellite experience
J. B. La1
.........
Study about the use of SPOT data for estimation of pastoral areas in Morocco
Philippe Brion
The influence of vegetation cover density and topographic parameters on the
......
thermal emission of the beech forests of Simbruini Mountains (central Italy)
Carlo Ricotta, Giancarlo Avena, and Fernando Ferri
Application of non-parametric kernel regression and nearest-neighbor regression
........................................................................
for generalizing sample tree information
Annika Kangas and Kari T. Korhonen
A method for assessing the prediction quality of mechanistic forest
.......................................................................................................................
growth models
Biing T. Guan, George Gertner, and Pablo Parysow
..................
Statistical analysis of error propagation in national level carbon budgets
C. J. Cieszewski, D. P. Turner, and D. L. Phillips
........................................
Monte Carlo simulations of nonlinear size-age relationships
Ronald E. McRoberts
.......................................................
Cross-correlations among single tree growth models
Hubert Hasenauer, Robert A. Monserud, and Timothy G. Gregoire
Genetics, geographics, and prairie dogs: error and accuracy in a validated
.....................................................................................
spatially-explicit dispersal model
Gillian Bowser
Effect of uncertainty in mapped biodiversity data on optimal conservation
.................................................................................................................................
decisions
Michael J. Conroy and Jennqer E. Crocker
Sensitivity analysis of species richness mapping to variations in forest-wildlife
...........................................................................................................................
relationships
Tom Kohley
...................................
Development of a survey sampling methodolgy for rare species
Molly Van Caster, David Bowden, and JenniJer Hoeting
.....................................
Methods to analyse the spatial structure of plant communities
Paul Braun, Heiko Balzter, and Wovgang Kahler
..................................................
Modeling population dynamics with cellular automata
Heiko Baltzer, Paul Braun, and Wolfgang Kohler
vii
Posters
Inconsistency of line convolution as a quality factor in them aintenance of
...................................................................................................................
spatial databases
Michael J. C. Weir
.................................................................
Lead-based paint survey data: spatial variation
Tze-San Lee
.........................
Uncertainty of spatially-averaged rainfall estimates from rain gauges
Jeffrey R. McCollum and Witold F. Krajewski
...................................
Defining urban settlements: certainties regarding uncertainties
Mahavir and Sahar Al-Amir
..........................................
Spatial dependence of tree biomass in an old-growth forest
Franco Biondi and Donald E. Myers
Sensibility and uncertainty analyses of an expert system to determine
....................................................................................................................
stand treatments
Otto Eckmuellner and Martin Moser
Stratified two-stage sampling (self-weighted) for assessment of village
...........................................................................................
forest resources in Bangladesh
S. S. Islam
.................................................
Modelling animal movements within a GIs framework
J. Joachim, G. Janeau, and F. Spitz
..................................................................
Evaluation of forest condition assessment data
F. Mitterbock and 0. Eckmullner
Application of remote sensing technology in assessing village wood
......................................................................................................
resources in Bangladesh
Jamil Ahmed Chowdhury
.........................................................................
Quality evaluation services on the Internet
Anders dstman
...............................................
Assessing attainment of standard by two stage sampling
Debashis Kushary
Site positioning accuracies using GPS: Y-code receivers and real-time
...............................................................................................................
differential options
Karl E. Brown
Statistical models of landscape pattern and the effects of coarse resolution of
............................................................................
satellite imagery on estimation of area
Christine A. Hlavka
...............................................................................................................................
Author index
viii