Table Of ContentPasquale Cavaliere E ditor
Spark Plasma
Sintering of
Materials
Advances in Processing and Applications
Spark Plasma Sintering of Materials
Pasquale Cavaliere
Editor
Spark Plasma Sintering
of Materials
Advances in Processing and Applications
Editor
PasqualeCavaliere
DepartmentofInnovationEngineering
UniversityofSalento
Lecce,Italy
ISBN978-3-030-05326-0 ISBN978-3-030-05327-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05327-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019932159
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Fromthetwolastdecades,elaborationtechniquesbasedontheuseofhighcurrent
intensities, among which the SPS technique is probably the most popular, have
attracted considerable interest. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is the process of
consolidatingpowder(metallicorceramic)constrainedinadie(mostoftengraphite)
throughtheapplicationoflargeamountsofpulsedDCelectricalcurrent.
Unlike conventional sintering, the SPS process affords rapid heating rates and
reducedsinteringtemperaturesthatsuppressmicrostructuralcoarsening.Ithasbeen
demonstratedthatthesurfaceoxidesatinterparticlecontactpointscanbemitigated
by SPS. The SPS method has recently made significant advancements in materials
scienceandmaterials processingthankstoitscapabilityoffastandefficient densi-
fication of a great variety of materials and the suitability of the equipment for
conducting solid-state syntheses and syntheses, in which liquid phases can form
withinlimitedvolumeslocallyatthecontactsbetweenparticles.
Sparkplasmasintering(SPS)hasgarneredconsiderableattentionforitsabilityto
retain nanocrystalline microstructures and create materials with interesting func-
tional properties. This is in part due to its ability to process materials at lower
temperatures andinshorter amountsoftimecompared toconventionaltechniques,
makingSPSatruenonequilibriumprocessingtechnique.Decadesofresearchhave
ledtoSPSfindingsuccessinnearlyeverycategoryofmaterialandproperty.SPSis
uniquely positioned to take advantage of grain boundary strengthening due to its
abilitytoprocessmaterialstohighdensitywithminimalgraingrowth.
Several scientists continue to develop the spark plasma sintering technology to
fulfill the needs of high-performance applications. This book outlines current
knowledge in SPS by reviewing the major fundamentals of the process and its
features and applications, as well, provides an overview of recent and emerging
developmentsintheprocessandthefuturepotentialofthistechnology.DespiteSPS
is still an emerging technology, investigations and applications have been widely
reported in previous works, attracting great attentions from both scientific and
industrial communities. Existing works mainly focused on applications, product
properties, processing parameters optimization, and materials performances. So
far, a systematic summarization and review on these topics is still lacking. In the
v
vi Preface
presentbook,thedifferentaspectsofthisemergingtechnologyareaddressedinthe
contextoftechnology,materials,andapplications.Therearefundamentalaspectsof
the SPS process that are not heavily researched but can be improved in order to
enhance SPS transition into manufacturing. Many of these areas, including tooling
design,toolingmaterial,powderconditions,andcurrentwaveform,areevaluatedin
the present book to determine how changes could be used to improve the SPS
process.
The book provides the SPS fundamentals and applications based on studies
belonging to scientists from 12 countries and 40 universities and research centers.
The book chapters focus on process fundamentals, nanocomposites, ceramics and
hard metals, thermoelectric and magnetic materials, Ni- and Ti-based alloys, and
highentropyalloys.
My special acknowledgments to the passion and cooperation of all the authors
andreviewerswhomadepossibletherealizationofthebookandthereductionofthe
publicationtimewiththeirhardworkandpromptresponses.
Myspecialthankstotheprofessionalismoftheeditorialofficeassistants.Finally,
Iwouldliketodedicatetheworktomybrother,Andrea.
Lecce,Italy PasqualeCavaliere
Contents
PartI ProcessFundamentals
SparkPlasmaSintering:ProcessFundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PasqualeCavaliere,B.Sadeghi,andA.Shabani
FundamentalsofSparkPlasmaSintering(SPS):AnIdealProcessing
TechniqueforFabricationofMetalMatrixNanocomposites. . . . . . . . . 21
N.Sharma,S.N.Alam,andB.C.Ray
TheEffectofCurrentPathwaysonSparkPlasmaSintering. . . . . . . . . 61
F.KelloggandC.HofmeisterMock
SinteringMechanismsofMetalsUnderElectricCurrents. . . . . . . . . . . 93
Jean-PhilippeMonchoux
PartII SPSofNanocomposites
Surface-Modified-CNTs/AlMatrixNanocompositesProduced
viaSparkPlasmaSintering:Microstructures,Properties,
andFormationMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
FarhadSaba,FamingZhang,SeyedAbdolkarimSajjadi,andMohsen
Haddad-Sabzevar
Al-BasedNanocompositesProducedviaSparkPlasmaSintering:
EffectofProcessingRouteandReinforcingPhases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 161
PasqualeCavaliere,B.Sadeghi,M.Shamanian,andF.Ashrafizadeh
SparkPlasmaSinteringofAluminium-BasedMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
M.A.Awotunde,A.O.Adegbenjo,M.B.Shongwe,
andP.A.Olubambi
ProcessingofaTernaryAl-Sc-ZrPowderMetallurgyAlloyvia
SparkPlasmaSinteringandHotAsymmetricRolling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
M.Y.Amegadzie,I.W.Donaldson,andD.P.Bishop
vii
viii Contents
SparkPlasmaSinteringProducedW-Fiber-ReinforcedTungsten
Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Y.Mao,J.W.Coenen,J.Riesch,S.Sistla,C.Chen,Y.Wu,
L.Raumann,R.Neu,C.Linsmeier,andC.Broeckmann
PartIII SPSofHardMetals
MicrostructuralEvolutionandRelatedKineticsDuring
PulsedElectricCurrentSinteringofTungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
JonathanA.Webb,IndrajitCharit,andDarrylP.Butt
SparkPlasmaSinteringofMetallicGlasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
LoïcPerrière,YannickChampion,andFrédéricBernard
ImpactofHigh-EnergyMechanicalActivationonSintering
KineticsandMechanicalPropertiesofUFGHeavyTungsten
Alloys:SPSVersusSinteringinHydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
AlekseyNokhrin,VladimirChuvil’deev,MaksimBoldin,
GlebBaranov,VladimirBelov,EugeniyLantcev,NikolayMelekhin,
Yu.V.Blagoveshchenskiy,NataliyaIsaeva,andAleksandrPopov
PartIV SPSofCeramicsandDiamond-BasedMaterials
SparkPlasmaSinteringofUltrahighTemperatureCeramics. . . . . . . . . 369
T.N.Maity,N.K.Gopinath,KrishanuBiswas,andBikramjitBasu
SparkPlasmaSinteringofDiamond-andNanodiamond-Metal
Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
DinaV.Dudina,BorisB.Bokhonov,ArinaV.Ukhina,
VyacheslavI.Mali,andAlexanderG.Anisimov
SparkPlasmaSinteringofFine-GrainCeramic–Metal
CompositesBasedonGarnet-StructureOxideY Nd Al O
2.5 0.5 5 12
withMo,W,andNi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
L.S.Golovkina,A.I.Orlova,А.V.Nokhrin,M.S.Boldin,
E.A.Lantsev,andV.N.Chuvil’deev
PartV SPSofThermoelectricandMagneticMaterials
ConsolidationandBehaviorofFeCoVSoftMagneticMaterials
viaSparkPlasmaSintering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
AlexanderD.Dupuy,BaolongZheng,YizhangZhou,Jean-Pierre
Delplanque,ToddC.Monson,EnriqueJ.Lavernia,andJulieM.
Schoenung
ThermoelectricMaterialsSynthesizedbySparkPlasmaSintering
(SPS)forCleanEnergyGeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
SunandaMitraandTanmoyMaiti
Contents ix
PartVI SPSofHigh-EntropyAlloys
SparkPlasmaSinteringofHighEntropyAlloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
SephiraRiva,StephenG.R.Brown,NicholasP.Lavery,
AdamTudball,andKirillV.Yusenko
SparkPlasmaSinteringofHighEntropyAlloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
SurekhaYadav,KrishanuBiswas,andArvindKumar
PartVII SPSofNi-BasedAlloys
SparkPlasmaSinteringasaRouteforProducingIn-Demand
Microstructures:ApplicationtotheTensile-DuctilityEnhancement
ofPolycrystallineNickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
P.Langlois,D.Tingaud,andG.Dirras
Nickel-TungstenComposite-LikeMicrostructuresProcessed
bySparkPlasmaSinteringforStructuralApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
D.Tingaud,T.Sadat,andG.Dirras
SparkPlasmaSinteringofNiTiShapeMemoryAlloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
V.SenthilkumarandC.Velmurugan
PartVIII SPSofTi-BasedAlloys
SparkPlasmaSinteringofTitanium-BasedMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
O.O.Ayodele,M.B.Shongwe,B.A.Obadele,andP.A.Olubambi
TheUseofSPSforHigh-RateDiffusionWeldingofHigh-Strength
Ultrafine-Grainedα-TitaniumAlloyTi-5Al-2V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
AlekseyNokhrin,MaksimBoldin,AleksandrPiskunov,
NataliyaKozlova,MikhailChegurov,VladimirKopylov,Nataliya
Tabachkova,VladimirChuvil’deev,andPetrTryaev
Near-NetShapingofTitanium-AluminumJetEngineTurbine
BladesbySPS. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 713
ThomasVoisin,Jean-PhilippeMonchoux,andAlainCouret
SparkPlasmaSinteringofTi-PSZCompositesandFunctionally
GradedMaterialsforBiocompatibleMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
T.FujiiandK.Tohgo
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Part I
Process Fundamentals
