Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century

283 Pages·1999·3.264 MB·English

by  Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston, Professor Paul Preston

Spain and the Great Powers in
the Twentieth Century
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
(cid:145)An(cid:160)important(cid:160)volume(cid:133)by(cid:160)the(cid:160)leading(cid:160)specialists,(cid:160)that(cid:160)will(cid:160)become(cid:160)the
standard(cid:160)work(cid:160)in(cid:160)the(cid:160)field.(cid:146)
Stanley(cid:160)Payne,(cid:160)University of Wisconsin, USA
(cid:145)An(cid:160)impressive(cid:160)team(cid:160)of(cid:160)contributors(cid:133)a(cid:160)work(cid:160)of(cid:160)high(cid:160)quality(cid:160)and
accessibility.(cid:146)
Martin(cid:160)Blinkhorn,(cid:160)University of Lancaster, UK
Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century(cid:160)examines(cid:160)the(cid:160)international
context(cid:160)to,(cid:160)and(cid:160)influences(cid:160)on,(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)history(cid:160)and(cid:160)politics(cid:160)from(cid:160)1898(cid:160)to
the(cid:160)present(cid:160)day.(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)history(cid:160)is(cid:160)necessarily(cid:160)international,(cid:160)with(cid:160)the
significance(cid:160)of(cid:160)Spain(cid:146)s(cid:160)neutrality(cid:160)in(cid:160)the(cid:160)First(cid:160)World(cid:160)War(cid:160)and(cid:160)the(cid:160)global
influences(cid:160)on(cid:160)the(cid:160)outcome(cid:160)of(cid:160)the(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)Civil(cid:160)War.
Taking(cid:160)the(cid:160)defeat(cid:160)in(cid:160)the(cid:160)Spanish-American(cid:160)War(cid:160)of(cid:160)1898(cid:160)as(cid:160)a(cid:160)starting
point,(cid:160)the(cid:160)book(cid:160)includes(cid:160)surveys(cid:160)on:
(cid:160)
(cid:149) the(cid:160)crisis(cid:160)of(cid:160)neutrality(cid:160)during(cid:160)the(cid:160)First(cid:160)World(cid:160)War
(cid:149) foreign(cid:160)policy(cid:160)under(cid:160)the(cid:160)dictatorship(cid:160)of(cid:160)Primo(cid:160)de(cid:160)Rivera
(cid:149) the(cid:160)Allies(cid:160)and(cid:160)the(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)Civil(cid:160)War
(cid:149) Nazi(cid:160)Germany(cid:160)and(cid:160)Franco(cid:146)s(cid:160)Spain
(cid:149) Spain(cid:160)and(cid:160)the(cid:160)Cold(cid:160)War
(cid:149) relations(cid:160)with(cid:160)the(cid:160)United(cid:160)States.
(cid:160)
This(cid:160)book(cid:160)traces(cid:160)the(cid:160)important(cid:160)topic(cid:160)of(cid:160)modern(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)diplomacy(cid:160)up(cid:160)to
the(cid:160)present(cid:160)day.
Sebastian Balfour(cid:160)is(cid:160)Reader(cid:160)and(cid:160)Paul Preston(cid:160)is(cid:160)Professor(cid:160)at(cid:160)the
London(cid:160)School(cid:160)of(cid:160)Economics(cid:160)and(cid:160)Political(cid:160)Science.
Routledge/Caæada(cid:160)Blanch(cid:160)Studies(cid:160)in(cid:160)Contemporary(cid:160)Spain
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
Spain and the Great
Powers in the Twentieth
Century
Edited by
Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
(cid:160)
London(cid:160)and(cid:160)New(cid:160)York
(cid:160)
First published 1999
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.

' 1999 Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston, the edited collection;
individual contributions ' 1999 the contributors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century/edited by
Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston.
p. cm. (cid:151) (Routledge/Caæada Blanch studies in
contemporary Spain)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-18077-5 (hb). (cid:151)ISBN 0-415-18078-3 (pbk.)
1. Spain(cid:151)Foreign relations(cid:151)20th century. 2. Spain(cid:151)Politics
and government(cid:151)20th century. I. Balfour, Sebastian.
II. Preston, Paul, 1946(cid:150) . III. Series.
DP233.8.S64 1999
327.46·009·04(cid:151)dc21 98(cid:150)39238
CIP

ISBN 0-415-18078-3 (Pbk)
ISBN 0-415-18077-5 (Hbk)
ISBN 0-203-04909-8 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-21550-8 (Glassbook Format)
Contents
(cid:160)
List of contributors vii
Introduction: Spain and the Great Powers 1
SEBASTIAN(cid:160)BALFOUR(cid:160)AND(cid:160)PAUL(cid:160)PRESTON
1 Spain and the Great Powers in the aftermath of
the Disaster of 1898 13
SEBASTIAN(cid:160)BALFOUR
2 Spain and the First World War 32
FRANCISCO(cid:160)ROMERO
3 Foreign policy under the dictatorship of Primo de
Rivera 53
ISMAEL(cid:160)SAZ
4 The Second Republic in the international arena 73
ISMAEL(cid:160)SAZ
5 The Allies and the Spanish Civil War 96
ENRIQUE(cid:160)MORADIELLOS
6 Nazi Germany and Francoist Spain, 1936(cid:150)1945 127
CHRISTIAN(cid:160)LEITZ
7 Italy and Spain in Civil War and World War,
1936(cid:150)1943 151
PAUL(cid:160)PRESTON
vi Contents
8 Franco and the Allies in the Second World War 185
DENIS SMYTH
9 Spain, Britain and the Cold War 210
FLORENTINO PORTERO
10 Spain and the United States, 1945(cid:150)1975 229
BORIS LIEDTKE
11 Breaking the shackles from the past: Spanish
foreign policy from Franco to Felipe GonzÆlez 245
ANGEL VI(cid:209)AS
Index 269
List of contributors
(cid:160)
Sebastian Balfour(cid:160)is(cid:160)Reader(cid:160)in(cid:160)Contemporary(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)Politics(cid:160)and
Deputy(cid:160)Director(cid:160)of(cid:160)the(cid:160)Caæada(cid:160)Blanch(cid:160)Centre(cid:160)for(cid:160)Contemporary
Spanish(cid:160)Studies(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)London(cid:160)School(cid:160)of(cid:160)Economics(cid:160)and(cid:160)Political
Science.(cid:160)His(cid:160)books(cid:160)include(cid:160)Dictatorship, Workers and the City. Labour in
Greater Barcelona since 1939(cid:160)(Oxford:(cid:160)Oxford(cid:160)University(cid:160)Press,(cid:160)1989),
Castro. A Profile in Power(cid:160)(London:(cid:160)Longman,(cid:160)[2nd(cid:160)edn.],(cid:160)1995)(cid:160)and(cid:160)The
End of the Spanish Empire 1898(cid:150)1923(cid:160)(Oxford:(cid:160)Oxford(cid:160)University(cid:160)Press,
1997).
Christian Leitz(cid:160)is(cid:160)Lecturer(cid:160)in(cid:160)History(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)University(cid:160)of(cid:160)Auckland,
New(cid:160)Zealand.(cid:160)He(cid:160)is(cid:160)the(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)Economic Relations between Nazi
Germany and Franco(cid:146)s Spain, 1936(cid:150)1945(cid:160)(Oxford:(cid:160)Oxford(cid:160)University
Press,(cid:160)1996),(cid:160)he(cid:160)is(cid:160)also(cid:160)editor(cid:160)of(cid:160)a(cid:160)forthcoming(cid:160)book(cid:160)entitled(cid:160)Spain in
an International Context(cid:160)(New(cid:160)York:(cid:160)Berghahn(cid:160)Books).
Boris Liedtke(cid:160) completed(cid:160) his(cid:160) PhD(cid:160) in(cid:160) the(cid:160) London(cid:160) School(cid:160) of
Economics(cid:160)and(cid:160)Political(cid:160)Science(cid:160)and(cid:160)works(cid:160)for(cid:160)Deutsche,(cid:160)Morgan
Grenfell(cid:160)in(cid:160)Singapore.
Enrique Moradiellos(cid:160)is(cid:160)Lecturer(cid:160)in(cid:160)History(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)University(cid:160)of
Extremadura(cid:160)in(cid:160)CÆceres,(cid:160)Spain.(cid:160)He(cid:160)is(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)several(cid:160)books,
including(cid:160)Neutralidad benØvola: el Gobierno britÆnico y la insurrecci(cid:243)n militar
espaæola de 1936(cid:160)(Oviedo:(cid:160)Pentalfa,(cid:160)1990)(cid:160)and(cid:160)La pØrfida de Albi(cid:243)n: el
Gobierno britÆnico y la guerra de Espaæa(cid:160)(Madrid:(cid:160)Siglo(cid:160)XX1,(cid:160)1996).
Florentine Portero(cid:160)is(cid:160)Lecturer(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)Universidad(cid:160)Nacional(cid:160)de
Educaci(cid:243)n(cid:160)a(cid:160)Distancia(cid:160)in(cid:160)Madrid.(cid:160)He(cid:160)is(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)Franco aislado. La
cuesti(cid:243)n espaæola (1945(cid:150)1950)(cid:160)(Madrid:(cid:160)Aguilar,(cid:160)1989)(cid:160)and(cid:160)co-editor(cid:160)with
Javier(cid:160)Tusell(cid:160)of(cid:160)Antonio CÆnovas y el sistema politico de la Restauraci(cid:243)n
(Madrid:(cid:160)Biblioteca(cid:160)Nueva,(cid:160)1998).
viii List of contributors
Paul Preston(cid:160)is(cid:160)Pr(cid:237)ncipe(cid:160)de(cid:160)Asturias(cid:160)Professor(cid:160)of(cid:160)Contemporary(cid:160)Spanish
History(cid:160)and(cid:160)Director(cid:160)of(cid:160)the(cid:160)Caæada(cid:160)Blanch(cid:160)Centre(cid:160)for(cid:160)Contemporary
Spanish(cid:160)Studies(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)London(cid:160)School(cid:160)of(cid:160)Economics(cid:160)and(cid:160)Political(cid:160)Science.
His(cid:160)books(cid:160)include(cid:160)The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and
Revolution in(cid:160)the Second Spanish Republic 1931(cid:150)1936(cid:160)(London:(cid:160)Routledge(cid:160)[2nd
edn],(cid:160)1994);(cid:160)The Triumph of Democracy in Spain(cid:160)(London/New(cid:160)York:
Methuen,(cid:160)1986);(cid:160)A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War 1936(cid:150)1939
(London:(cid:160)Harper(cid:160)Collins,(cid:160)1996);(cid:160)Franco: A Biography(cid:160)(London:(cid:160)Harper
Collins,(cid:160)1993)(cid:160)and(cid:160)¡Comrades! Portraits from the Spanish Civil War(cid:160)(London:
Harper(cid:160)Collins,(cid:160)1998).
Francisco Romero(cid:160)is(cid:160)Lecturer(cid:160)in(cid:160)Contemporary(cid:160)History(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)London
Guildhall(cid:160)University.(cid:160)He(cid:160)is(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)Twentieth Century Spain, Politics and
Society, 1898(cid:150)1998(cid:160)(London:(cid:160)MacMillan,(cid:160)1998)(cid:160)and(cid:160)a(cid:160)forthcoming(cid:160)book,(cid:160)A
Fatal Neutrality: Spain between War and Revolution, 1914(cid:150)1918,(cid:160)to(cid:160)be
published(cid:160)shortly(cid:160)by(cid:160)Routledge.
Ismael Saz(cid:160)is(cid:160)Head(cid:160)of(cid:160)the(cid:160)Department(cid:160)of(cid:160)Contemporary(cid:160)History(cid:160)at(cid:160)the
University(cid:160)of(cid:160)Valencia(cid:160)and(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)Fascistas en Espaæa: la intervenci(cid:243)n
italiana en la Guerra Civil a travØs de los telegramas de la (cid:145)Missione Militare Italiana
in Spagna(cid:146) (15 diciembre 1936(cid:151)31 marzo 1937)(cid:160)(Madrid:(cid:160)CSIC,(cid:160)1980)(cid:160)(in
collaboration(cid:160)with(cid:160)Javier(cid:160)Tusell)(cid:160)and(cid:160)Mussolini contra la 11 Repœblica:
hostilidad, conspiraciones, intervenci(cid:243)n (1931(cid:150)1936)(cid:160)(Valencia:(cid:160)Edicions(cid:160)Alfons
el(cid:160)MagnÆnim,(cid:160)1986).
Denis Smyth(cid:160)is(cid:160)Professor(cid:160)of(cid:160)European(cid:160)History(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)University(cid:160)of
Toronto.(cid:160)He(cid:160)is(cid:160)author(cid:160)of(cid:160)Diplomacy and Strategy of Survival: British Policy and
Franco(cid:146)s Spain (1940(cid:150)4)(cid:160)(Cambridge:(cid:160)Cambridge(cid:160)University(cid:160)Press,(cid:160)1986),
and(cid:160)(with(cid:160)Paul(cid:160)Preston)(cid:160)of(cid:160)Spain, the EEC and NATO(cid:160)(London:(cid:160)Routledge,
1994).
Angel Viæas(cid:160)is(cid:160)Professor(cid:160)at(cid:160)the(cid:160)Complutense(cid:160)University(cid:160)of(cid:160)Madrid(cid:160)and
was(cid:160)Executive(cid:160)Adviser(cid:160)to(cid:160)the(cid:160)Spanish(cid:160)Minister(cid:160)of(cid:160)Foreign(cid:160)Affairs(cid:160)between
1983(cid:150)7(cid:160)and(cid:160)EU(cid:160)Ambassador(cid:160)to(cid:160)the(cid:160)UN.(cid:160)His(cid:160)books(cid:160)include(cid:160)La Alemania
nazi y el 18 de julio(cid:160)(Madrid:(cid:160)Alianza,(cid:160)1974),(cid:160)El oro espaæol en la guerra civil
(Madrid:(cid:160)Ministerio(cid:160)de(cid:160)Hacienda,(cid:160)1976)(cid:160)and(cid:160)Los pactos secretos de Franco con
Estados Unidos: bases, ayuda econ(cid:243)mica, recortes de soberan(cid:237)a(cid:160)(Barcelona:
Grijalbo,(cid:160)1981).
Introduction
Spain and the Great Powers
Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston
It is now an unquestionable assumption among historians that the history
of Spain has been an integral part of a European and international
process and indeed has been a regional variant of that process.1 This new
perspective represents a significant revision of traditional interpretations
in which the history of Spain was seen as a deviation from a supposed
European or universal model. Such was the grip of the latter view in Spain
that it became common among Spaniards themselves to see their own
history as a tragedy, born of a supposedly conflictive and self-destructive
national character. In the aftermath of the Disaster of 1898 in which
Spain lost the residue of her old empire in a war with the United States,
some critical intellectuals went as far as suggesting that Spain suffered
from a chronic illness.2 The philosopher Ortega y Gasset proposed later
that only through integration in Europe could Spain find a cure. (cid:145)If Spain
is the problem,(cid:146) he wrote, (cid:145)Europe is the solution.(cid:146) From the end of the
nineteenth century, almost an entire publishing industry was built around
explanations for the country(cid:146)s supposed decadence and utopian solutions
for her recovery. The myth of Spain(cid:146)s peculiarity among European nations
was shared by many foreigners who came into contact with her. In the
1930s, W.H.Auden described the country as (cid:145)that arid square, that
fragment nipped off from hot Africa, soldered so crudely to inventive
Europe(cid:146).3
Far from being an exceptional case among European powers, however,
Spain mirrored the problems of Europe even before the twentieth
century. Her crises and civil wars were part of the wider crises and civil
wars of Europe as a whole, though they took forms specific to Spain.
Without ever having been absent or distant, Spain was drawn into even
closer contact with Europe from the end of the nineteenth century. Her
increasing rapprochement was due not only to the exigencies of strategic
security in an increasingly unstable international environment but also to a
growing economic, social and cultural interrelationship. This greater