Table Of ContentSpace Science and Technologies
Series Editor: Peijian Ye
Jianyin Miao
Qi Zhong
Qiwei Zhao
Xin Zhao
Spacecraft
Thermal Control
Technologies
Space Science and Technologies
Series Editor
Peijian Ye, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
Space Science and Technologies publishes a host of recent advances and
achievements in the field – quickly and informally. It covers a wide range of
disciplines and specialties, with a focus on three main aspects: key theories, basic
implementation methods, and practical engineering applications. It includes, but is
not limited to, theoretical and applied overall system design, subsystem design,
major space-vehicle supporting technologies, and the management of related
engineering implementations.
Within the scopes of the series are monographs, professional books or graduate
textbooks, edited volumes, and reference works purposely devoted to support
education in related areas at the graduate and post-graduate levels.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16385
Jianyin Miao Qi Zhong Qiwei Zhao
(cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129)
Xin Zhao
Spacecraft Thermal Control
Technologies
123
Jianyin Miao QiZhong
Institute of Spacecraft System Institute of Spacecraft System
Engineering Engineering
CAST CAST
Beijing,China Beijing,China
Qiwei Zhao XinZhao
Institute of Spacecraft System Institute of Spacecraft System
Engineering Engineering
CAST CAST
Beijing,China Beijing,China
ISSN 2730-6410 ISSN 2730-6429 (electronic)
Space ScienceandTechnologies
ISBN978-981-15-4983-0 ISBN978-981-15-4984-7 (eBook)
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’
Series Editor s Preface
China’sspacetechnologyandscienceresearchhaveearnedaplaceintheworld,but
have not been compiled into a series of systematic publications yet. In 2018, the
series Space Science and Technology edited mainly by me and coauthored by the
leading figures in China’s space industry was published in China, when China
Academy of Space Technology was celebrating the 50th anniversary of its
founding. This collection contains 23 volumes in Chinese, only 10 of which have
been selected, recreated and translated into English. In addition, each English
volume has been recreated at the suggestion of the Springer, by deleting the con-
tents similar to Springer’s existing publications and adding the contents that are
internationally advanced and even leading, and bear both Chinese characteristics
and worldwide universality. This series fully reflects the professionalism and
engineeringexperiencerecentlyaccumulatedbyChinesescientistsandengineersin
space technology and science research.
As the Editor-in-Chief of this series, I always insist that this collection must be
of high quality, either in Chinese version or English version. First, the contents of
this series must be condensed and sublimated based on the combination of theory
and practice, so as to provide both a theoretical value and engineering guidance.
Second,therelationshipsbetweenthepastknowledgeandpresentachievementand
between other people’s work and our own new findings should be properly bal-
anced in the book contents to ensure the knowledge systematicness and continuity
and tohighlight new achievements andinsights. Each volumeintendsto introduce
somethingnewtothereaders.Third, theEnglishversionshouldbecustomizedfor
internationalexposureandplayasolidsupportingroleforChinatocontributetothe
world’s space field.
This collection consists of 10 volumes, including Spacecraft Thermal Control
Technologies,Spacecraft PowerSystemTechnologies, SpacecraftElectromagnetic
Compatibility Technologies, Technologies for Spacecraft Antennas Engineering
Design, Satellite Navigation Systems and Technologies, Satellite Remote Sensing
Technologies, Spacecraft Autonomous Navigation Technologies Based on
Multi-sourceInformationFusion,TechnologiesforDeepSpaceExploration,Space
Robotics, Manned Spacecraft Technologies.
v
vi SeriesEditor’sPreface
Spacecraft Thermal Control Technologies covers systematic and specialized
spacecraft thermal control techniques, emphasizes their systematic engineering
applications and the development of space thermophysics and summarizes the
relevant knowledge on thermal control techniques and the design requirements
of thermal control system. This volume has two distinct features:
1. Wide coverage. It covers all the aspects of spacecraft thermal control design,
including requirement analysis, space environment overview, system-level
thermal design, different thermal control techniques for different requirements,
thermalanalysissimulationtechniqueandthermaltesttechnique,andespecially
highlights the thermal control methods and techniques adopted by a number of
Chinese spacecraft.
2. Strong practicability. This volume not only addresses the relevant technical
principles, but also presents the application rules, taboos and typical cases of
eachtechnique.Basedonmorethan50yearsofexperienceinthedevelopment
of Chinese spacecraft, this volume introduces the system-level thermal design
cases and typical part-level thermal design cases of Chinese spacecraft (in-
cluding lunar probes, manned spacecraft and other spacecraft), which are of
great engineering guidance significance.
The publication of this series adds a new member to the international family of
space technology andsciencepublications and intends toplay animportantrole in
promoting academic exchanges and space business cooperation. It provides com-
prehensive, authentic and rich information for international space scientists and
engineers, enterprises and institutions as well as government sectors to have a
deeperunderstandingofChina’sspaceindustry.Ofcourse,Ibelievethatthisseries
willalsobeofgreatreferencevaluetotheresearchers,engineers,graduatestudents
and university students in the related fields.
Peijian Ye
Academician
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China
Preface
When it comes to China’s spatial thermal control technology, one person must be
mentioned.HeisProf.GuirongMin,anacademicianofboththeChineseAcademy
ofSciencesandtheChineseAcademyofEngineering,who isalsothepioneerand
founderofChina’sspacetechnology,especiallyspatialthermalcontroltechnology.
He has made systematic and creative achievements in spacecraft thermal control.
FocusingontheresearchanddevelopmentofChina’sfirstman-madeEarthsatellite
“Dong Fang Hong 1,” he led his team to develop a series of spacecraft thermal
control techniques, satellite-specific thermal analysis and calculation methods,
spatial thermal environment simulation theories and techniques, and heat pipe and
superinsulation techniques. In particular, the theory and method of satellite orbit
period-integral averageheatflowcreatedbyhimhavebecomethetheoreticalbasis
of the thermal analysis and calculation and heat balance test/external heat flow
simulation of Chinese spacecraft and are still guiding the thermal tests of Chinese
spacecraft. The development of China’s spatial thermal control technology is
completelyattributedto“standingontheshouldersofgiants.”Therefore,wewould
like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Guirong Min through this book.
About how to compile a professional book on spacecraft thermal control tech-
nology,we,theauthorsofthisbook,didnotagreewitheachotheratthebeginning.
Afterall,therehasalreadybeentheSpacecraftThermalControlHandbookwritten
by Prof. David G. Gilmore et al. With rich contents, high authority and great
international influence, the handbook has been published in 1994 and 2002.
Through the exchange of views, we gradually reached a consensus that we should
take 50 years of development and experience accumulation of China’s space
industry into consideration to write a practical professional book reflecting the
current situation and progress of China’s spacecraft thermal control technology.
This is the original intention of this book.
Based on the above considerations, this book is divided into seven chapters.
Chapter 1 “Introduction” includes the contents such as spacecraft thermal control
tasksandtheirrequirements,aswellasspacecraftthermalcharacteristics.Chapter2
“Space Environment” includes the contents such as launch environment, space
environment on the Earth orbit, and lunar and planetary space environments.
vii
viii Preface
Chapter 3 “Design of Spacecraft Thermal Control System” includes the contents
such as mission characteristics, design principles, design methods and design
stages. Chapter 4 “Common Thermal Control Technologies for Spacecrafts”
includes the contents such as heat transfer technology, heat insulation technology,
heating technology, cooling technology as well as temperature measurement and
control technology. Chapter 5 “Typical Design Cases of Spacecraft Thermal
Control” includes the design cases of thermal control system and components and
other contents. Chapter 6 “Spacecraft Thermal Analysis Technology” includes the
contents such as external heat flow analysis, radiation analysis, simulation of
specific problems and thermal model modification. Chapter 7 “Ground-Based
Thermal Simulation Test for Spacecrafts” includes the contents such as spatial
thermal environment simulation method, external heat flow simulation device and
heat flow measurement, and heat balance test method. The authors of this book
haverichengineeringexperience,astheyhavebeenengagedinthedevelopmentof
spacecraft thermal control technology for many years. Among them, Qi Zhong is
responsiblefor writingtheChaps.1and6;Xin Zhaoisresponsible for writing the
Chaps. 2 and 3; Jianyin Miao is responsible for writing the Chap. 4; and Qiwei
Zhao is responsible for writing the Chaps. 5 and 7.
In addition, Yanchao Xiang (for Chaps. 2 and 7), Weichun Fu (for Chap. 4),
Hongxing Zhang (for Chap. 4) and Hai Jiang (for Chap. 6) also participated inthe
compilation. Aside from the above participants, Liang Zhao, Yifan Li, Jianxin
Chen,JialinSun,LeiYu,XianwenNing,YuyingWang,ChangpengYang,Haiying
Han, Shuyan Xue, Jianfeng Zhao, Ting Ding and Wenjun Li et al also provided
strong support to the compilation of this book. Jiang He, Yawei Xu, Chang Liu,
Qiang Zhou, Sixue Liu, Xiangheng Li and Qi Wu also made great efforts to
complete this book. Meanwhile, several other spacecraft thermal control experts
provided a wealth of technical information during the compilation process. We
would also like to acknowledge their help to the book.
YaopuWen,JingangHu,HanlinFanandWeiYaocarefullyreviewedthewhole
book and put forward many insights. The compilation of this book has received
closeattentionandcarefulguidancefromPeijianYe,anacademicianoftheChinese
AcademyofSciences,andalotofcareandsupportfrommanyexpertsintheChina
Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and the Institute of Spacecraft System
Engineering (ISSE). Yongfu Wang, Xiaoheng Liang and Xiujuan Liang from the
Science and Technology Commission, ISSE, have also done a lot of work for the
publicationofthisbook.Here,theauthorswouldliketoexpresssinceregratitudeto
them.
Jianyin Miao
Qi Zhong
Qiwei Zhao
Xin Zhao
Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering
Beijing, China
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Mission of Spacecraft Thermal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Demand for Thermal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Temperature Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Temperature Uniformity and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Wind Speed and Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Thermal Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Heat Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Magnitude and Fluctuation of Heat Dissipation . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Thermal Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Main Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Main Technology of Thermal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Main Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Space Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Environment at Launching Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Earth Orbital Space Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Earth Orbital Thermal Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2 Other Earth Orbit Space Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 Moon and Planetary Space Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.1 Lunar Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.2 Mercury Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.3 Venus Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.4 Mars Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5 Thermal Environment at Re-entry or Entry Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 Inductive Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ix
