Table Of ContentSpacecraft Lithium- Ion Battery Power Systems
Spacecraft Lithium- Ion Battery Power Systems
Edited by
Thomas P. Barrera
This edition first published 2023
© 2023 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Chapters 5, 7, and 9 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and United States Government as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The
contributions to the chapters written by Penni J. Dalton, Samuel P. Russell, Eric C. Darcy, and Scott Hull were
performed as part of their official duties as employees of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
No copyright is claimed in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. All Other Rights Reserved.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by
law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/
permissions.
The right of Thomas P. Barrera to be identified as author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in
accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at
www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print- on- demand. Some content that appears
in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/
or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product
or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow
of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review
and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment,
reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added
warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they
make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work
and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability
or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales
materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred
to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and
authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations
it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with
a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed
or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall
be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,
consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data applied for
Hardback ISBN: 9781119772149
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © NASA
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India
Dedicated to the Memory of Mrs. Sara Thwaite
January 13, 1972 – May 31, 2022
vii
Contents
About the Editor xvii
About the Contributors xix
List of Reviewers xxiii
Foreword by Albert H. Zimmerman and Ralph E. White xxv
Preface xxvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxix
1 Introduction 1
Thomas P. Barrera
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Purpose 1
1.2.1 Background 2
1.2.2 Knowledge Management 2
1.3 History of Spacecraft Batteries 3
1.3.1 The Early Years – 1957 to 1975 3
1.3.1.1 Silver- Zinc 4
1.3.1.2 Silver- Cadmium 4
1.3.1.3 Nickel- Cadmium 5
1.3.2 The Next Generation – 1975 to 2000 5
1.3.2.1 Nickel- Hydrogen 6
1.3.2.2 Sodium- Sulfur 7
1.3.2.3 Transition to Lithium- Ion 7
1.3.3 The Li- ion Revolution – 2000 to Present 8
1.3.3.1 First Space Applications 8
1.3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 10
1.4 State of Practice 11
1.4.1 Raw Materials Supply Chain 11
1.4.2 COTS and Custom Li- ion Cells 12
1.4.3 Hazard Safety and Controls 12
1.4.4 Acquisition Strategies 13
1.5 About the Book 13
1.5.1 Organization 14
1.5.2 Li- ion Cells and Batteries 14
1.5.3 Electrical Power System 14
viii Contents
1.5.4 On- Orbit LIB Experience 15
1.5.5 Safety and Reliability 15
1.5.6 Life Cycle Testing 15
1.5.7 Ground Processing and Mission Operations 15
1.6 Summary 16
References 16
2 Space Lithium- Ion Cells 19
Yannick Borthomieu, Marshall C. Smart, Sara Thwaite, Ratnakumar V. Bugga,
and Thomas P. Barrera
2.1 Introduction 19
2.1.1 Types of Space Battery Cells 19
2.1.2 Rechargeable Space Cells 20
2.1.3 Non- Rechargeable Space Cells 20
2.1.4 Specialty Reserve Space Cells 21
2.2 Definitions 22
2.2.1 Capacity 22
2.2.2 Energy 23
2.2.3 Depth- of- Discharge 23
2.3 Cell Components 24
2.3.1 Positive Electrode 24
2.3.1.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide 25
2.3.1.2 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 25
2.3.1.3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide 25
2.3.1.4 Lithium Manganese Oxide 25
2.3.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate 26
2.3.2 Negative Electrode 26
2.3.2.1 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 26
2.3.2.2 Coke 27
2.3.2.3 Hard Carbon 27
2.3.2.4 Graphite 27
2.3.2.5 Mesocarbon Microbead 27
2.3.2.6 Si- C Composites 28
2.3.2.7 Low- Voltage Resilience 28
2.3.3 Electrolytes 28
2.3.3.1 Room Temperature Electrolytes 28
2.3.3.2 Low- Temperature Electrolytes 29
2.3.4 Separators 30
2.3.5 Safety Devices 31
2.3.5.1 Pressure Vents 31
2.3.5.2 Current Interrupt Devices 32
2.3.5.3 Positive Temperature Coefficient 33
2.3.5.4 Shutdown Separator 33
2.4 Cell Geometry 33
2.4.1 Standardization 34
2.4.2 Cylindrical 34
2.4.3 Prismatic 35
