Table Of Content

Studies in Space Policy Annette Froehlich Diego Alonso Amante Soria Ewerton De Marchi Space Supporting Latin America Latin America’s Emerging Space Middle Powers Studies in Space Policy Volume 25 Series Editor European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Edited by: European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora Editorial Advisory Board: Marek Banaszkiewicz Karel Dobeš Genevieve Fioraso Stefania Giannini Gerd Gruppe Max Kowatsch Sergio Marchisio Fritz Merkle Margit Mischkulnig Dominique Tilmans Frits von Meijenfeldt https://espi.or.at/about-us/governing-bodies The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities—history, philosophy, anthropology—, the arts, and the social sciences—political science, economics, law—will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space policythuswillgaininvisibilityandrelevance.TheseriesStudiesinSpacePolicy shall become the European reference compilation edited by the leading institute in thefield,theEuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute.Itwillcontainbothmonographsand collections dealing with their subjects in a transdisciplinary way. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8167 Annette Froehlich Diego Alonso Amante Soria (cid:129) (cid:129) Ewerton De Marchi Space Supporting Latin America ’ Latin America s Emerging Space Middle Powers 123 Annette Froehlich DiegoAlonso AmanteSoria European Space Policy Institute European Space Policy Institute Vienna,Austria Vienna,Austria Ewerton De Marchi European Space Policy Institute Vienna,Austria ISSN 1868-5307 ISSN 1868-5315 (electronic) Studies in SpacePolicy ISBN978-3-030-38519-4 ISBN978-3-030-38520-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38520-0 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents Part I Space in Latin America 1 General Situation in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Historical Background and Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Geography and Political Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.2 Linguistic and Ethnic Traits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2 Evolution of Regionalism and Regional Cooperation. . . . . . . . 13 1.2.1 Organization of American States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.2 Organization of Ibero-American States. . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.3 Andean Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.4 Caribbean Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.2.5 Latin American and Caribbean Economic System. . . 23 1.2.6 Southern Common Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2.7 Central American Integration System. . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.2.8 Union of South American Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.2.9 Pacific Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.2.10 Perspectives of Integration and Regionalism Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2 Latin American Space Arena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1 Space Principles and Fundamentals in Latin America . . . . . . . 37 2.2 Satellites Capacity in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.1 Latin American Communications Satellites. . . . . . . . 43 2.2.2 Latin American Earth Observation Satellites. . . . . . . 46 2.2.3 Latin American Science, Technology and Education Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3 Launch Capacities in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.1 Launch Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3.2 Brazil Launch Pioneer in Latin America . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3.3 French Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 v vi Contents 3 Regional Space Cooperation: Latin American Experience . . . . . . . 61 3.1 Space Conference of the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.1.1 Space Conference of the Americas: Evolution . . . . . 62 3.1.2 First CEA Conference 1990 in Costa Rica . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.3 Second CEA Conference 1993 in Chile . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.4 Third CEA Conference 1996 in Uruguay . . . . . . . . . 66 3.1.5 Fourth CEA Conference 2002 in Colombia . . . . . . . 67 3.1.6 Fifth CEA Conference 2005 in Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1.7 Sixth CEA Conference 2010 in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.1.8 Seventh CEA Conference 2015 in Nicaragua . . . . . . 69 3.2 Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space . . . . 69 3.3 Space Generation Advisory Council (Latin America). . . . . . . . 71 3.3.1 SA-SGW Workshop 2015 in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.2 SA-SGW Workshop 2016 in Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.3 SA-SGW Workshop 2017 in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.3.4 SA-SGW Workshop 2018 in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.4 Latin American Society of Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.5 Inter-American Committee of Science and Technology . . . . . . 76 4 Latin America’s Global Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1 Europe’s Engagement in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1.1 Cooperation Agreements Between ESA and Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.1.2 ESA and Brazil Cooperation Agreements. . . . . . . . . 84 4.1.3 ESA Supporting Chile’s Capabilities in the Space Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.1.4 ESA and Peru Cooperation on the Development of Earth Observation Capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.2 South American Space Agency Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.3 Latin America and UN Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.3.1 UNCOPUOS and Latin American Countries. . . . . . . 92 4.3.2 UNISPACE Conferences and Regional Centres . . . . 94 4.3.3 Latin American and International Disaster Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5 Latin America’s Space Legal Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.1 International Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.1.1 Latin America and the Progressive Development of International Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.1.2 Implementation of Space Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.1.3 Space Law Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Contents vii 5.2 National Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.2.1 Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.2.2 Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.2.3 Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.2.4 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.2.5 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.2.6 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.2.7 Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.2.8 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.2.9 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Part II Country Reports 6 Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.3 Economic Perspective of Space Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 151 6.4.1 Space Policies and Main Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.4.2 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.5 Perspectives on the Legal Framework for Space Activities . . . 156 6.5.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 157 6.5.2 Argentina and International Space Instruments . . . . . 159 6.6 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.6.1 Argentina and Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.6.2 Argentina and Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.6.3 Argentina and North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6.6.4 Argentina and the Asia-Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.6.5 Argentina and the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.7 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.7.1 Satellite Missions of the National Commission on Space Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.7.2 Argentinian Geostationary Telecommunications Satellite System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 6.8 Launch Capability and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.8.1 Launch Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.8.2 Launching Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.9 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 viii Contents 6.10 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.10.1 Space Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.10.2 Space Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 6.10.3 Argentina and Non-governmental Space Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7 Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 7.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.2 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 187 7.2.1 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 7.2.2 Bolivian Space Agency’s Strategic Plan. . . . . . . . . . 189 7.3 Current and Future Perspectives on the Legal Framework Related to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.3.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 190 7.3.2 Bolivia and International Space Instruments . . . . . . . 191 7.4 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.5 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7.6 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.3 Economic Perspective of Space Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.3.1 Institutional Space Budgets and Program Budget Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.3.2 Space Industry Market by Application/Sectors . . . . . 209 8.3.3 Space Development Economic Trends and Socio-economic Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.4 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 217 8.5 CurrentandFuturePerspectivesonLegalFrameworkRelated to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 8.6 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 8.6.1 Regional Level (Intra-latin America) . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 8.6.2 European Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 8.6.3 Bi-Lateral Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 8.6.4 Worldwide Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 8.7 Satellite Capacities of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 8.8 Launch Capability and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Contents ix 8.9 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.9.1 Primary Space Needs of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.9.2 Priority List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.9.3 Space Applications for Social Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . 267 8.9.4 National Space Programs: Accomplishments . . . . . . 268 8.9.5 Main Space Actors in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.9.6 Academic and Other Research for Space in Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 8.10 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 9 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 9.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 9.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 9.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 9.1.3 Social Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 9.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 9.3 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 281 9.3.1 Space Policies and Main Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 9.3.2 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 9.4 Current and Future Perspectives on the Legal Framework Related to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 9.4.1 National Space Legislation and Instruments . . . . . . . 290 9.4.2 Chile and International Space Instruments . . . . . . . . 291 9.5 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 9.6 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 9.7 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 9.8 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 9.8.1 Space Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 9.8.2 Chile and Non-governmental Space Institutions . . . . 302 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 10 Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 10.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 10.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 10.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 10.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 10.3 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 309 10.3.1 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 10.4 CurrentandFuturePerspectivesonLegalFrameworkRelated to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 10.4.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 312 10.4.2 Colombia and International Space Instruments . . . . . 313

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