Table Of ContentM
E
T
A
B
E
R
G
H
A
P U
E S
R E
R
H
A P META BERGHAUSER PONT
U O
P N
T T PER HAUPT
S Space, Density
p
a
and Urban Form
c
e
,
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
U
r
b
a
n
F
o
r
m
Space, Density and Urban Form
ISBN 978-90-5269-375-0
Copyright © 2009 by Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from
the authors.
Printed in the Netherlands.
Space, Density and Urban Form
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
aan de Technische Universiteit Delft,
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. J. T. Fokkema,
voorzitter van het College voor Promoties
in het openbaar te verdedigen
op woensdag 25 november om 10.00 uur
door Meta Yolanda BERGHAUSER PONT
Bouwkundig Ingenieur
geboren te Ndoungué, Kameroen
op woensdag 25 november om 11.30 uur
door Per André HAUPT
Master of Architecture, Lund University
geboren te Lekeryd, Zweden
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor(en):
Prof. dr. ir. V.J. Meyer
Ir. J.A. Westrik
Samenstelling promotiecommissie:
Rector Magnificus, voorzitter
Prof. dr. ir. V.J. Meyer Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor
Ir. J.A. Westrik Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor
Prof. ir. K. Kaan Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. L.A. de Klerk Universiteit van Amsterdam
Prof. dr. A.V. Moudon University of Washington
Prof. dr. J. Sabaté Bel Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Prof. ir. R. Uytenhaak Rudy Uytenhaak architectenbureau bv
voormalig hoogleraar Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. ir. M. de Hoog Technische Universiteit Delft, reservelid
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 11
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF DENSITY 15
The Broader Context 18
Research Strategy 20
Thesis Outline 24
2. CITY DEVELOPMENT AND SPACE CONSUMPTION 27
Dutch Density Developments 28
Mercantile Capitalism (1400-1815) 28
Liberal-Competitive Capitalism (1815-1900) 32
State-Managed Capitalism (1900-1979) 39
Neoliberal Capitalism (1979-2008) 54
Runaway Space Consumption? 63
Scenario’s for Space Consumption 63
Climate Change and Space Consumption 65
Reinvented Density, Different Doctrines 67
3. DENSITY MEASURES 71
Perceived Density 72
Physical Density 72
Population and Dwelling Density 72
Land Use Intensity 77
Coverage 79
Building Height 81
Spaciousness 83
Evaluation of Density Measures 84
Network Density 86
Multivariable Definition of Density 88
Four Variables to Calculate Density 89
Basic Indicators N, FSI, and GSI 94
Derived Indicators 95
Representation of Density 98
Spacematrix 98
Spacemate and Network Properties 98
Scale and Variation 100
Density Calculations of Four Examples 102
Grachtengordel and De Pijp 102
Betondorp and Zuidwest Kwadrant 103
4. DENSITY AND URBAN FABRIC TYPES 107
Research Method 108
Explorative and Empirical Research 109
Selection Criteria of Samples 110
Intrinsic Properties of the Island 112
Explorative Research 112
Empirical Research 118
Intrinsic Properties of the Urban Ground Plan 124
Explorative Research 124
Empirical Research 126
Urban Fabric Types 132
Comparative Research 133
Amsterdam, Berlin and Barcelona 133
Historical Development of Amsterdam 137
Scale and Abstraction 139
5. DENSITY AND PERFORMANCE 143
Basic Performance Indicators 145
Parking 147
Capacity of the Network 148
Parking Need 150
Parking Performance Index 150
Thresholds of Parking 152
Daylight 153
Any Light versus No Light 154
Real Levels of Daylight 156
Daylight Performance Index and Spacemate 162
Daylight and Spaciousness 164
‘Urbanity’ 165
User Intensity 167
Catchment and Density 169
Network and Connectivity Ratio 170
Evaluation of Four Samples 171
Performance Based Design 173
6. URBAN DENSITY IN PRACTICE 177
Prescriptive Use of Spacemate 179
Renewal Plan Parkstad 179
Evaluation Density Guidelines 182
Revised Renewal Plan 184
Development Permits 185
Descriptive Use of Spacemate 185
Analysis ZuidoostLob 186
Transformation Strategies 188
Recommendations 189
Explorative Use of Spacemate 190
Exploring Spatial Capacities 190
Optimizing Urban Designs 194
Effectiveness of Spacemate in Practice 196
7. QUALITIES OF DENSITY 199
A Multivariable and Multi-Scalar Definition of Density 200
Performance-Based Descriptions of Urban Fabrics 201
Sustainable Densities 202
The Professional Challenge 203
Science of Urban Density 204
SUMMARY SPACE, DENSITY AND URBAN FORM 207
Urban Density 207
Broader Context 208
Spacematrix 209
Explorative and Empirical Research 211
Performances 212
Notes 215
References 225
Appendixes 235
Appendix A: Demographic and Land-Use Statistics 235
Appendix B: Samples from the Netherlands, Germany (Berlin) and
Spain (Barcelona) 273
Appendix C: Derivation of Formulae 297
