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“OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS =
AnySZ2 i 2
_ OXFORDPHILOSOPHICALCONCEPTS
OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS ee
ChristiaMercer, ColumbiaUniversity
SeriesEditor
PUBLISHED IN THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTSSERIES
Embodiment
EfficientCausation
Space
EditedbyJustinE.H.Smith
EditedbyTadSchmaltz
Dignity
Sympathy
EditedbyRemyDebes
EditedbyEricSchliesser A HISTORY
.
Animals
TheFaculties ay
EditedbyDominikPerler EditedbyG.FayEdwardsandPeter
Adamson
Memory
EditedbyAndrewJaniak
EditedbyDmitriNikulin Pleasure
EditedbyLisaShapiro
MoralMotivation
EditedbyIakovosVasiliou Health
EditedbyPeterAdamson
Eternity
Evil
EditedbyYitzhakMelamed
EditedbyAndrewChignell
SelfKnowledge
Persons
EditedbyUrsulaRenz
EditedbyAntoniaLoLordo
FORTHCOMING IN THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTSSERIES
TheSelf Powers
EditedbyJuliaJorati
EditedbyPatriciaKitcher
Human
Modality
EditedbyYitzhakMelamed EditedbyKarolinaHubner
TheWorld-Soul Love
EditedbyJamesWilberding EditedbyRyanHanley
OXFORD
UNIVERSITYPRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITYPRESS
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.Itfurthers Contents
theUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducation
bypublishingworldwide,OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversity
PressintheUKandcertainothercountries.
PublishedintheUnitedStates‘ofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress
198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica.
©OxfordUniversityPress2020
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
priaorretpreiremviaslssiyosnteimn,wroirttirnagnosmfiOtxtfedo,rdinUanniyvefrosritmyorPbreyss,aonyasmeaexnpsr,eswsiltyhpoeurtmtihteted SERIES EDITOR'S FOREWORD VU
aribbgoyhlvtaeswso,rhgobayulnliidzcaebetnsiseoenn,.totIrnoquuntidhreeireRtsiecgrohmntcsseDaregnpriaenregtdrmweeipntrtho,dtuOhcxetfaioporpnrdoouUptnrsiiivadeterestrihetepyrsPocrdoeuspsce,toiafotntthhee ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES IX
addressabove.
CONTRIBUTORS XI
Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform
andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer. Introduction 1
CIPdataisonfileattheLibraryofCongress ANDREWJANIAK
ISBN978-0-19-991412-8(pbk.)
ISBN978-0-19-991410-4(hbk.) 1. SpaceinAncientTithes: FromtheBeginningtoAristotle 11
1337986 42 BARBARA SATTLER
PaperbackprintedbyMarquis,Canada
HardbackprintedbyBridgeportNationalBindery,Inc.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Reflection: BodySpace/CitySpace:VeilingasanEmbodied
SpatialPractice 52
Kul. 43593
BANU GOKARIKSEL
2. ImagineaPlace: GeometricalandPhysicalSpaceinProclus 63
MARIJE MARTIN
Reflection:AntsinSpace 98
NICOLE E, HELLER
3. ConceptsofSpaceintheFourteenthCentury:WorksofNicoleOresme
~ andSelectedEarlierWorkforComparison 104
Eb EDITH DUDLEYSYLLA
BIB GAN MULegven
KARD C2RSUeaPLedd 2
emagg Leyes
vi CONTENTS
Reflection:Space,Vision, andFaith: LinearPerspectivein Renaissance
ArtandArchitecture 176
MARI YOKO HARA
Series Editor's Foreword
4. GeometryandVisualSpacefromAntiquitytotheEarlyModerns 184
GARY HATFIELD
Reflection: SpaceforThought 223
JENNIFER GROH
5. Spacein theSeventeenth Century 230
ANDREWJANIAK
OxfordPhilosophicalConcepts (OPC)offers aninnovativeapproach
Reflection: Chemical Laboratoryand theCosmicSpace 270 to philosophy’s past andits relation to other disciplines. As a series,
MI GYUNG KIM it is unique in exploring the transformations ofcentral philosophical
concepts from theirancientsources to theirmodernuse.
6. Space in Kantian Idealism 280
OPChasseveralgoals: to makeit easier forhistorians to contextu-
MICHAEL FRIEDMAN
alize keyconcepts in the historyofphilosophy, to render that history
Reflection:Non-Euclidean Geometry 306 accessibletoawideaudience,andtoenlivencontemporarydiscussions
JEREMY GRAY by displaying the rich and varied sources ofphilosophical concepts
stillinusetoday.Themeansto thesegoalsaresimpleenough: eminent
Reflection:AMathematical Sculptor’s Perspectiveon Space 312 scholars come together to rethink a central concept in philosophy’s
GEORGE HART past. Thepointofthis rethinkingis notto offer abroad overviewbut
to identify problems the concept wasoriginally supposed to solve
BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 and investigatehowapproachesto themshiftedovertime, sometimes
radically.
INDEX 341
Recentscholarshiphasmadeevidentthebenefitsofreexaminingthe
standardnarratives aboutwesternphilosophy. OPC’seditorslookbe-
yond the canon and explore their concepts over awidephilosophical
landscape. Each volumetraces a notion fromits inception as a solu-
tion to specific problems through its historical transformationsto its
modernuse,all the while acknowledgingits historical context. Each
OPC volumeis a history ofits concept in thatit tells a story about
changing solutions to its well-defined problem. Many editors have
viii SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD
foundit appropriate to include long-ignoredwritings drawn fromthe
Islamic andJewish traditions and the philosophical contributionsof
women. Volumes also explore ideas drawn from Buddhist, Chinese,
Indian, and otherphilosophical cultures when doingso adds‘an espe-
Abbreviations and References
ciallyhelpfulnewperspective.Bycombiningscholarlyinnovationwith
focused and astute analysis, OPC encourages a deeper understanding
ofourphilosophicalpastandpresent.
One of the most innovative features of Oxford Philosophical
Conceptsis its recognition that philosophy bears a rich relation to
art, music, literature, religion, science, and other cultural practices.
Theseriesspeaks totheneedforinformedinterdisciplinaryexchanges.
AncientWorks
Its editors assume that the most difficult and profound philosoph-
ical ideas can be made comprehensible to a large audience and that DK =Fragmenteder Vorsokratiker. Edited by H. Diels andW. Kranz.
materialsnotstrictlyphilosophicaloftenbearasignificantrelevanceto Berlin, 1951.
philosophy.Tothisend,eachOPCvolumeincludesReflections.These
are short stand-alone essays written by specialists in art, music, litera- Aristotle
ture, theology, science, or cultural studies that reflect on the concept
References toworksbyAristotleuseso-calledBekkernumbers,which
from2 their own disciplinaryperspectives. The goaloftheseessays is to
correspondto the pagination and line numbers ofBekker’s 1830 edi-
enliven, enrich, and exemplify the volume’s> concept and reconsi.der
tionofthetext.Thesewillbefoundinthemarginsofanyreliableedi-
theboundarybetweenphilosophicalandextraphilosophicalmaterials.
OPC’sReflectionsdisplaythebenefitsofusingphilosophicalconcepts tionortranslation.
and distinctions in areas that are notstrictly philosophical and en-
courage philosophers to move beyond the borders oftheir discipline Descartes
aspresentlyconceived. AT= OcuvresdeDescartes,EditedbyCharlesAdamandPaulTannery.
The volumes of OPC arrive at an auspicious moment. Many Paris: Vrin, 1996.
philosophers are keen to invigorate the discipline. OPC aimsto pro-
H = Treatise ofMan. Edited and translated by Thomas Steele Hall.
vokephilosophical imaginations byuncoveringthebrillianttwistsand
Cambrdige,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1972.Thetitleofthisworkis
unforeseen turnsofphilosophy’spast.
moreusuallytranslatedas TreatiseonMan,andthatformisusedherein.
ChristiaMercer
GustaveM.BerneProfessorofPhilosophy
O = Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology.
ColumbiaUniversityin theCityofNewYork
Translated by PaulJ. Olscamp. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. The
title ofDescartes’sDioptrique is translated herein asDioptrics (as op-
posedto Optics).
x ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES '
Kant
A/B:A= correspondsto thefirst-editionpaginationofKant,Critique
of PureReason (1781); B = corresponds to the second-edition pagina-
Contributors
tion ofthe Critique (1787).
References to all other texts in Kant’s corpusare to thevolumeand
page numbers in the Akademie edition, Kantsgesammelte Schriften
(Berlin, 1902—-).
Plato
References to works by Plato use so-called Stephanus numbers, which MICHAEL FRIEDMANisSuppesProfessorofPhilosophyofScienceatStanford
correspondto thepaginationandlinenumbersofafamousRenaissance University and works on the history and philosophy ofscience fromthesix-
editionofPlato’s texts that appeared in thelatesixteenth century. That teenth through the twentieth centuries. The authoror editorofeleven books
editionused theletters a—e to split up sections ofthe text.Anyreliable andnumerousarticles, Friedmanisaleadingfigureinphilosophyofscience, in
edition ortranslationwill include these numbers in the margins. thestudyofKant’sthought,andin the’interpretationoflogicalpositivismand
itsaftermath.HisbooksincludeFoundationsofSpace-TimeTheories(Princeton,
1983),KantandtheExactSciences (Harvard, 1992), andKant’s Construction of
Nature(Cambridge,2012).
BANU GOKARIKSELisProfessorofGeographyandtheRoysterDistinguished
ProfessorforGraduateEducationattheUniversityofNorthCarolina, Chapel
Hill. The author ofnumerousarticles concerningwomen and society in the
Islamic world, Gékariksel’s research has been funded by the National Science
Foundationandhasbeencoveredwidelyintheinternationalpress,includingby
NPRandLeMonde.
JEREMYGRAYisEmeritusProfessorofMathematicsattheOpenUniversityin
England. A leadingfigure in thehistoryofmodern mathematics, he is the au-
thorofnumerouspapersandmanybooks,includingHenriPoincaré:AScientific
Biography(Princeton,2012), TheHilbertChallenge(Oxford,2000),andIdeasof
Space:Euclidean,Non-EuclideanandRelativistic(Oxford,1989).
JENNIFER GROHis aprofessorofpsychologyand neuroscienceandofneuro-
biologyat Duke University. Groh’s lab is fundedbytheNational Institutes of
Health and the National Science Foundation. She is the author ofnumerous
xii CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS xiii
scientificpapers andofMakingSpace:How theBrainKnows Where ThingsAre She is also the author ofAffinity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy ofthe
ChemicalRevolution (MIT Press, 2003) and The Imagined Empire: Balloon
(Harvard, 2014).
EntightenmentsinRevolutionaryEurope(Pittsburgh,2016).
MARI YOKO HARAis aMellon Postdoctoral Fellowin arthistoryatColu.mbia
University. The author ofseveral papers on Renaissance art history, sheinsecuer- MPhAiRlIoJsEophMyAaRtTVIriNje iUsnitvheersCit.eiJ.t dAemsVtoegredlamP.roTfehsesoarutohforAnocfiennutmearnodusPaptaripsetrisc
rentlywritinga bookabout Baldassare Peruzzii andtheartofpaiinntteerr--aarrchitec on ancient mathematics, science, andphilosophy, Martijnis also the authorof
insixteenth-centuryItaly. -ProclusonNature(Brill,2010).
CGoElOuRmGbEiaHUAniRvTerstiatuyghatndenSgtionneyerBirnogokanUdnicveormspiutyt.erHesicsiienncoewfaoremanyeyeearseat SBtA.RABnAdrReAwsM.inSAScToTtLlEaRndi,shaavsiennigorplreecvitouurselryitnaupghhitloastoYpahlyeaUtntihveerUsniitvyerasnidtythoef
ematicalsculptor,with sculptures currentlyon diissppllaayatuniveersitoiesaerou.ana University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, She is the author ofnumerous
United States. He is also the author ofmany papers and of Msalti articles concerning science and philosophy in antiquity, includingpapers on
Analysis:AlgebrasandSystems,forScienceandEngineering(Springet, 1995). Aristotle,Plato,Parmenides,andZeno.SheisalsotheauthorofThe Conceptof
batPGhhonAeiodolRkrppYsieheeiosHlknooAhsymfTnoyoFppadheItyreEoc:rtLehnfpDetsiscUiocsinniei,etnvnhceaceerens,adAinwtdtdyihatpeomhhfipalhSPoieefslynooobncpsseuhyosryltp,vohanPyHnraioottaffhf.eeipseTshslioyhdsrceithsoi.oaarnuyoltBIeohynaof:dcrinlnolapg.refnci€oaegauuimrmteaoyrivnrK‘riaaxnnei.stteohre8yatl MU(EmoneCDitraIviomeTuobrsnHrsiaiirDtndtygUi,AecDnw,lLche2iEes0erY2ane0ntS)dsY.GhLtreLheAteeiakeusdgTihhtPtoorurohgifohseftts:sosefrovoyreuorEnafmdleasbrctoiiioeotknnascs,oeiSffnyoHlrillsomagtaionics,ryoyymneaeeattrNohsofo.rdtThtaehhnewdCoaarmruloatdlth’ihsoneralmSeoataftdainitcunes-g
The Natural and the Normative: Theories ofSpatial EerecpiorJtoaphyef historiansfocusingonmedievalscience.Shehaswrittenonawiderangeoftopics
Helmholtz(MIT, 1990) andPerceptionandCognition:Essaysin © stretchingfromthethirteenthto theeighteenthcenturyandhasdiscussedthe
Psychology (Oxford, 2009). thought ofmanyprominenthistoricalfigures, includingJacob Bernoulli,John
btNihIoeClCoOgaLircEnaelHgsEicLeiLeMEnuRcesisesfurmaoommfuStsNaeanutfutornradfleUlHnilisovitwevoerrarsynsiiidttnyhaeInidctutwrassabputrorgreh.ovfHioetulh.leselArynahtoGhlordoosgplaoecPefhenDleloiawnt Buridan,WilliamofOckham,andNicoleOresme. .
forsciencecommunication.
ANDREW JANIAK is Professor and Chair ofphilosophy at Duke nes
where he is also a Bass fellow. Janiak is the author or editor offour i. .
about Isaac Newton and modernphilosophy, includingNewton asPhilosople
(Cambridge,2008)andNewton (Wiley-Blackwell,2015).Heisalsothecorleacet
ofProjectVox,adigitalhumanitiesendeavordesignedtopromoteteachingan
researchofneglectedphilosophicalworkbyearlymodernwomen.
MI GYUNG KIM is aprofessor ofhistory at North Carolina State University:
Aleadinghistorian ofchemistry, she is the authorofmanypapers concerning
thehistoryofchemistryandtheplaceofsciencein theFrenchenlightenment.
Introduction
AndrewJaniak
Space is ubiquitous. So are spatial concepts. Scholars in architecture,
art history, mathematics, cosmology, ecology, neuroscience, sculp-
ture, chemistry, and geography employ concepts ofspace and artic-
ulate concepts with spatial components. It would be hopeless tolist
them all, and equally fruitless to search for patterns among them,or
for theircommon node. One needsaspecific focalpoint. Inourcase,
thehistoryofphilosophy—andthewaysinwhichphilosophersindif-
ferent eras have pondered space—is our focus. We will also consider
some ofthe myriad intersections between philosophical discussions
of space and treatments in other disciplines and enterprises. Some
ofthese intersections are obvious: philosophers and scientists in the
nineteenth century were deeply influenced by and played important
roles in articulating the new non-Euclidean geometry developed by
mathematicians like Bolyai and Lobachevsky. The intertwining of
AndrewJaniak,IntroductionIn:Space.Editedby:AndrewJaniak,OxfordUniversityPress(2020).©
OxfordUniversityPress,
DOI:10.1093/080/9780199914104.003.0001
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 3
the history ofgeometry with the history ofphilosophical treatments with the failure to apply the same wise rule to other disciplines. For
of space is intimate and obvious. Other intersections are less ob- instance,wemayinsist thatphilosophersin thefirsthalfoftheseven
ovifoRues:naWiesrsaenecaerlpyermsopdecetrinvep?hiHloowsdopihdersthienfelmueerngceendcbeyotfhmeidcervoesclooppymaefn-t atenedntthhecenntfuorrygtertetaotetrdeastpaaccecdoimfpfaerneynitlnygfdreovmetlhoopsmeentinsitnh,esseacyo,ndehxalefr,i
fect philosophical conceptions ofspace? Wewill emphasize someof mental technologywith the same historicalcare. Perhapsforobvi
itohuesseercaosnnaencdtitohnrsoutghhroouurghshthoeretessssaayyss,onorp“hRielfolseocpthieornss’,ivniteewsrispnervsaerd- iircneaatlshloiynsssh,viiofttliiusnmgeesc.poenTcicoaelpaltyciioomnnpstoeormftpagonertoamfreoyrtrroeyuarddeuarrp,ipngrgoeaotcmhheetctropyorceihscsoigumnnpidozertrhaisnsattnodiryn
throughout thevolume.
Since ourvolumeis organized historicailnlya,popurrfoiarcshtintagsskpiascteo.aWveoiddoa tmhaisycsoenetmexotbvbieocauussetihatttjhusetaipsptrhoeacshcioeuntcleinoefdspiancEeu.clCiod’nscEolmeimceanntsdvaist
aqtisawuhnstuhpnioaeeaitantruslcynonmltpeknt?fotirawauooOewomhnlbsrnmsbloouce,oyiupawsldptgeieoaloenurfnsshscreoaeopitlnucatsmthuhicsthheedertoemait.ohryy.nthiny—N!gispieiwotrsntaInoitegrhncrmivesyccachodtarafeltoplinoeahvlrllrdaweeetyla,tdresdotabwucwschrpppaiaeeiahopnsn.nicgaoshTkl:ebscauhioe?ihvmenDsteeegrDtioidreipjaodathoindbmhcpneioaeahrtntudtyishdhtlteitylvhowcsyhoeesoashrbrhrondooyooaecpouovwehpigkeetpseth—lhtraealfosstdcrsubiwoiiogmesninnmehegctc,vptelehoerepabnreastuaccrvbploteoiloafpnotguSytcisuutPasespialpAwndwaesttihiCircintagaoeqE-sght-f esntotstraephhhhedgrceaiieguldecpnairfsaegereitssnrrdsouacsc(ergtahiamaidglsieosnlelsndyaysJdettssetodertrsrtradeesnihigentmcepesahmdaaiaacralrtycudtrimevspscGeiEaseo,ndruirraricnaiiptblegooyrtauiuvdesentsdsadvom,aliticappssosartdpecuupoephuvspttsarsiieiocsdpolcroreeevotuenisrnisinipcedoido(tiespindoeni..hnsrrotegihnAhsISriinatnssPosdafdfAeuahnRoaleirwdCecnlsdefhtEytd,atlraoe)hhisrtcseimnyetsoba,eiwentumototmaEoenerhttusr)iuecw,hcictrlmoanoereilafuTedlbtohlacauewifaptodeacptmnnwsrstcseapaioamtnascatrtraleocuh.shmyic“f,f:etihBrsuihdtru"ettoesdhnnni|eboec0ideans.fl a
Jonrusiesfoatipschoaainsncscaielim,rnpetsofeurrlctneahacnltatist,ootndh,piehdaicnlatolohnysecsyoiesppr,hteyagonaofrdrdadonsenp0beaasbcjteeaecr?@ti,ssIifaantpgsheifergrynsioodfnmii,dc,taahnwectaiottlsyoo,pgtoiyhc,artaomfdpapulhteahicelte--o? wdb“iiuhlstlecispaprelnoisnveeiqsduewalinltoyhtpworhneiclicyshea,phhihisiltsootrsoirocipachlaellrylsyprereniccgihasgececodonncicenepdptiitiaaiollonongvueofoefptthhhshirrloovuuggahhtoohuuytt:
Matics, natural science, or elsewhere? In this sense, although our of- The OxfordPhilosophicalConceptsseriesincludesanovelelement
ficialtitle is Space:AHistory, we might also embrace the alternative,
it took centuries mentioned earlier: it enriches the chapters written on diff ora
pace The Emergence ofa Concept. Unsurprisingly,
in philosophical history with short essays called “Refl . ‘ong? hat
or our modern SPACEto emerge, orperhaps for a single concept to
tackle related developments in myriad other fields TheRefle .
meTracingthatemergenceis ourjoint taskin thisvolume.
in this volume fall into two broad categories.First “omeofchemare
fomnnPorential anachronism, and attendant confusion,arises
ceon historicalperspectiveforphilosophy, coupled easily paired with closely related philosophical essays. Because Gary
nae’chapterconcernsphilosophicaltheoriesofvisionandoptics
ee fom¢ eMiddleAgestomodernity,itisnicelypairedbothwithMari
1 Fbooltlhoswpiancgeciotsnevlefnatniidont,hethweord“specei?hereafterdenotedSPACE,therebydivsteinguishingitfrom Hara’sessayontheuseofperspectiveinRenaissancepaintingandwith
