Table Of ContentSOYBEAN - PEST
RESISTANCE
Edited by Hany A. El-Shemy
Soybean - Pest Resistance
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3384
Edited by Hany A. El-Shemy
Contributors
Vincent P. Klink, Yaghoub Fathipour, Amin Sedaratian, Mudasir Hafiz Khan, Tomislav Kos, Renata Bažok, Maja Čačija,
Ana Gajger, Malgorzata Piotrowska, Katarzyna Śliżewska, Biernasiak Joanna, Andrew P. Michel, Raman Bansal, Tae-
Hwan Jun, M. A. Rouf Mian, Alexandre Silva, Leandro Galon, Ignacio Aspiazú, D. Sc., Evander A. Ferreira, Edison Ulisses
Ramos Junior, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha, Rafael Vivian, Andre Rodrigues dos Reis, Leandro Vargas, Pablo Kalnay,
Ana Carolina Câmara Ferreira, Franciele Mariani, Steven Goheen, James Campbell, Pat Donald
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Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Nutritional Requirements of Soybean Cyst Nematodes 1
Steven C. Goheen, James A. Campbell and Patricia Donald
Chapter 2 Developing Host-Plant Resistance for Hemipteran Soybean
Pests: Lessons from Soybean Aphid and Stink Bugs 19
Raman Bansal, Tae-Hwan Jun, M. A. R. Mian and Andy P. Michel
Chapter 3 Weed Management in Soybean — Issues and Practices 47
Rafael Vivian, André Reis, Pablo A. Kálnay, Leandro Vargas, Ana
Carolina Camara Ferreira and Franciele Mariani
Chapter 4 Weed Management in the Soybean Crop 85
Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Leandro Galon, Ignacio Aspiazú,
Evander Alves Ferreira, Germani Concenço, Edison Ulisses Ramos
Júnior and Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha
Chapter 5 Arthropod Fauna Associated to Soybean in Croatia 113
Renata Bažok, Maja Čačija, Ana Gajger and Tomislav Kos
Chapter 6 Engineered Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance 139
Vincent P. Klink, Prachi D. Matsye, Katheryn S. Lawrence and Gary
W. Lawrence
Chapter 7 Screening of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) Genotypes for
Resistance to Rust, Yellow Mosaic and Pod Shattering 173
M. H. Khan, S. D. Tyagi and Z. A. Dar
Chapter 8 Mycotoxins in Cereal and Soybean-Based Food and Feed 185
Małgorzata Piotrowska, Katarzyna Śliżewska and Joanna Biernasiak
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Integrated Management of Helicoverpa armigera in Soybean
Cropping Systems 231
Yaghoub Fathipour and Amin Sedaratian
Preface
This book provides an overview of the pest resistance soybeans. The authors contributed 9
chapters in which they attempt to review recent research on soybean resistance to Hemipter‐
an pests and, in the light of various challenges to manage Hemipteran pests, propose strat‐
egies for successful and sustainable use of host plant resistance (HPR) in soybean against
these pests.
The chapters also aim to present some focal issues related to weed management in soybean
growing areas, which include weed potential to cause severe damage and yield losses by
weeds, the evolution of resistant weeds in GR soybean monoculture, the soybean manage‐
ment characterization in the main producing countries and discussions about the benefits of
IWM use as an accurate control measure. A set of information for researchers and experts on
weed management service area is presented, reporting clearly and objectively the major im‐
pacts of the current management used, as well as the outlook for soybean farming.
This book will be useful for soybean researchers and other academic staff and will provide
its readers with valuable insight into the last developments in the field.
Hany A. El-Shemy, Professor
Cairo University, EGYPT
Chapter 1
Nutritional Requirements of Soybean Cyst Nematodes
Steven C. Goheen, James A. Campbell and
Patricia Donald
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54247
1. Introduction
Soybeans [Glycine max] are the second largest cash crop in US Agriculture, but the soybean
yield is compromised by infections from Heterodera glycines, also known as Soybean Cyst
Nematodes [SCN]. SCN are the most devastating pathogen or plant disease soybean farmers
confront. This obligate pathogen requires nutrients from the plant to complete its life cycle. To
date, SCN nutritional requirements are not clearly defined. Growth media supporting SCN
still contain soy products. Understanding the SCN nutritional requirements and how host
plants meet those requirements should lead to the control of SCN infestations. The nutritional
requirements of SCN are reviewed in this chapter and those requirements are compared to
those of other nematodes. Carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, lipids, and other nutritional
requirements are discussed.
The survival of parasitic nematodes requires adequate nutrition. These essential nutrients are
at least partially supplied by the host. But, availability of nutrients may not alone be sufficient
for survival and reproduction. The parasite must also be able to establish a feeding site. Both
the establishment of the feeding site and the presence of adequate nutrients for the soybean
cyst nematode [SCN] are discussed below.
1.1. Feeding site establishment
Nematodes have differing mouth part structures which are adapted to their food source [1].
In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes, a stylet [analogous to a hypodermic needle], is used
to puncture plant cells and a pump mechanism located in the nematode esophagus allows for
exchange of fluids between the nematode and plant [1]. Most studies of the economically
important root-knot and cyst-forming plant-parasitic nematodes have focused on what fluids
are secreted by the nematode and how this facilitates establishment of a feeding site [2-4].
© 2013 Goheen et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Soybean - Pest Resistance
Specific information on the essential nutrients provided by the plant is lacking. In this chapter
we focus on what is known about nutrient requirements for soybean cyst nematode, SCN.
The SCN is an obligate parasite requiring a host plant to complete its life cycle (see Figure 1).
The cysts are found in the soil and contain eggs and first stage juveniles. The second stage
juvenile hatches from the egg and penetrates plant roots. If the roots are a plant that is a host
for SCN, the third and fourth stage juveniles molt into an enlarged shape called a sausage once
a feeding site is successfully established where the primary goal is removing nutrients from
the plant for use by the nematode. After enough nutrients have been obtained by the nemat‐
odes, those destined to become males molt into a worm-shape again and migrate out of the
roots in search of a female. As the females mature, their size increases breaking root epidermal
cells and the nematode is exposed to the soil where she emits pheromones to attract the males
already in the soil. Once fertilization of the eggs has occurred, the female dies and her hardened
body becomes the cyst which protects the eggs from environmental extremes and organisms
which can kill the eggs. Some eggs are extruded into the soil in a gelatinous matrix and these
eggs are thought to hatch once conditions favor hatch. The eggs within the cyst go through
diapause and can survive within the cyst for more than a dozen years under the right condi‐
tions. Juveniles which enter nonhost plant roots may molt into a third stage juvenile but a
successful feeding site will not be established and the plant will recognize the nematode as an
invader and form necrotic cells surrounding the nematode effectively killing the nematode.
Alternatively, some plants are slower to recognize the nematode as an invader and a molt to
the third stage may occur but no further development of the nematode will occur. Once the
nematode reaches the sausage stage, it lacks the muscles to leave the root and it dies.
As an important crop in the United States [5], there are over 120 soybean lines which have
some level of resistance to SCN [6]. Commercial soybean varieties primarily contain one or
more different sources of resistance but 95% of all resistance is found from one source, PI 88788.
Peking [PI 548402] and Hartwig [PI 437654] are also found in a few commercial varieties.
Genetics of resistance is complex with multiple genes involved and interaction of minor genes
or nongenetic sources complicates understanding of the process. In a resistant reaction,
cytological changes occur and these have been documented [7-19]. Initial reaction to the
nematode during the formation of the syncytium in both susceptible and certain resistant lines
is identical for the first 4 days after infection [7. 9. 11]. Resistant reactions can be seen about
day 4-5 [7, 9-11].
Cyst nematode juveniles hatch from eggs within the cyst or in the soil and enter plant roots
typically in the zone of root elongation. They migrate to the pericycle and establish a feeding
site [20]. Cellulases break polysaccharide chains and associated proteins in the plant cell walls.
Other enzymes have been shown to be secreted by the nematodes as they move through plant
tissue [21]. Rapid response by the plant to the nematode inhibits formation of a successful
feeding site. A successful feeding site initiation results when the plant fails to respond or
responds slowly to the presence of the nematode. One of the ways plant-parasitic nematodes
protect themselves from plant responses to the nematodes is through secretion of peroxire‐
doxin, glutathione periosidase, and secreted lipid binding proteins within the surface coat of
the nematode [22]. Although considerable knowledge is now available on the morphological
Description:Developing Host-Plant Resistance for Hemipteran Soybean. Pests: Lessons from
Chapter 3. Weed Management in Soybean — Issues and Practices 47.
