Table Of ContentSOYBEAN (cid:883) MOLECULAR
ASPECTS OF BREEDING
Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić
Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding
Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons
Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,
distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original
work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors
have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication,
referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Martina Sirotic
Image Copyright George Burba, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published March, 2011
Printed in India
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding, Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-240-1
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 1
Chapter 1 Protein Expression Systems:
Why Soybean Seeds? 3
Kenneth Bost and Kenneth Piller
Chapter 2 Optimizing Recombinant Protein Expression in Soybean 19
Laura C. Hudson, Kenneth L. Bost and Kenneth J. Piller
Chapter 3 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of Endogenous Genes
and Promotion of Flowering in Soybean
by Apple latent spherical virus-Based Vectors 43
Noriko Yamagishi and Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
Chapter 4 Genetic Improvement: Molecular-Based Strategies 57
Aleksandra Sudarić, Marija Vratarić,
Snežana Mladenović Drinić, and Zvonimir Zdunić
Chapter 5 Integration of Major QTLs
of Important Agronomic Traits in Soybean 81
Guohua Hu, Qingshan Chen, Chunyan Liu,
Hongwei Jiang, Jialin Wang and Zhaoming Qi
Chapter 6 A Versatile Soybean Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Segregating for Low Linolenic Acid and Lipoxygenase
Nulls - Molecular Characterization and Utility
for Soymilk and Bioproduct Production 119
Yarmilla Reinprecht, Shun-Yan Luk-Labey and K. Peter Pauls
Chapter 7 Breeding for Promiscuous Soybeans at IITA 147
Hailu Tefera
Chapter 8 Characterization of Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobial
Communities and Diversity 163
Yuichi Saeki
VI Contents
Part 2 Breeding for Abiotic Stress 185
Chapter 9 Proteomics Approach for Identifying Abiotic
Stress Responsive Proteins in Soybean 187
Mohammad-Zaman Nouri, Mahmoud Toorchi and Setsuko Komatsu
Chapter 10 Molecular Responses to Osmotic Stresses in Soybean 215
Tsui-Hung Phang, Man-Wah Li, Chun-Chiu Cheng,
Fuk-Ling Wong, Ching Chan and Hon-Ming Lam
Chapter 11 Genotypic Influence on the Absorption,
Use and Toxicity of Manganese by Soybean 241
Andre Rodrigues dos Reis and Jose Lavres Junior
Part 3 Breeding for Biotic Stress 259
Chapter 12 Resistance to Pythium Seedling Disease in Soybean 261
Rupe, J.C., Rothrock, C.S., Bates, G., Rosso, M. L.,
Avanzato, M. V. and Chen, P.
Chapter 13 Phomopsis Seed Decay of Soybean 277
Shuxian Li
Chapter 14 Soybean Rust: Five Years of Research 293
Arianne Tremblay
Chapter 15 Detection, Understanding
and Controlof Soybean Mosaic Virus 335
Xiaoyan Cui, Xin Chen and Aiming Wang
Chapter 16 Evolution of Soybean Aphid Biotypes: Understanding
and Managing Virulence to Host-Plant Resistance 355
Andrew P. Michel, Omprakash Mittapalli and M. A. Rouf Mian
Chapter 17 Evaluation and Utilization of Soybean Germplasm
for Resistance to Cyst Nematode in China 373
Ying-Hui Li, Xiao-Tian Qi, Ruzhen Chang and Li-Juan Qiu
Chapter 18 Cell-Specific Studies of Soybean Resistance
to Its Major Pathogen, the Soybean Cyst Nematode
as Revealed by Laser Capture Microdissection,
Gene Pathway Analyses and Functional Studies 397
Vincent P. Klink, Prachi D. Matsye and Gary W. Lawrence
Chapter 19 Genetically Modified Soybean for
Insect-Pests and Disease Control 429
Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa,
Patrícia B. Pelegrini and Rodrigo R. Fragoso
Contents VII
Part 4 Recent Technology 453
Chapter 20 Spectral Characteristics of Soybean
during the Vegetative Cycle Using
Landsat 5/TM Images in The Western Paraná, Brazil 455
Erivelto Mercante, Rubens A. C. Lamparelli,
Miguel A. Uribe-Opazo and Jansle Viera Rocha
Chapter 21 Bio-Based Nanocomposites Composed
of Photo-Cured Soybean-Based Resins
and Supramolecular Hydroxystearic Acid Nanofibers 473
Mitsuhiro Shibata
Chapter 22 Transgenic Residues in Soybean-based Foods 495
Mónica L. Chávez-González, Carolina Flores-Gallegos,
Víctor M. García-Lazalde, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar
and Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera
Preface
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the leading oil and protein crop of the world, which is
used as a source of high quality edible oil, protein and livestock feed. Various functional
components derived from secondary metabolite have also received signifi cant att ention
in terms of human health. Over the past three decades, the scientifi c and technological
developments in most regions have increased soybean production on the global level.
Nevertheless, soybean breeding has undoubtedly played a key role in production in-
creases. Conventional breeding strategies have been very successful in improving soy-
bean productivity and quality. In practice today, the fi eld of soybean breeding is in tran-
sition and changing rapidly. The incorporation of molecular aspects of genetic analysis
and molecular marker-assisted selection is critical to understanding soybean breeding
strategies and practices. Scientifi c discoveries in the area of structural and functional
plant genomics lead to development of new soybean varieties with advanced nutritive
properties and yield enhancement through greater resistance to various abiotic and bi-
otic factors, bett er adapted to new market, production and environment demands. Based
on the availability and combination of conventional and molecular technologies, a sub-
stantial increase in the rate of genetic gain for economically important soybean traits can
be predicted in the next decade.
The book Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding focuses on recent progress in our under-
standing of the genetics and molecular biology of soybean and provides a broad review
of the subject, from genome diversity to transformation and integration of desired genes
using current technologies. This book is divided into four parts (Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology, Breeding for Abiotic Stress, Breeding for Biotic Stress, Recent Technol-
ogy) and contains 22 chapters.
Part I, “Molecular Biology and Biotechnology”, (Chapters 1 to 8) focuses on advances in
molecular biology and laboratory procedures that have been developed recently to ma-
nipulate DNA and provide new genes of interest to soybean breeder. Chapter 1 considers
the transgenic soybean seed as a unique platform for the expression and accumulation of
desired proteins. Chapter 2 focuses on incorporating current knowledge for optimizing
recombinant protein expression in soybeans. In Chapter 3, the authors describe the use
of Apple Latent Spherical Virus (ALSV) vector for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS)
of endogenous genes at all growth stages of soybean plants and seeds. Chapter 4 reviews
the technologies for molecular marker analysis and achievements in the area of genetic
transformation (genetic modifi cation) in soybean. Chapter 5 points out on the QTL meta-
analysis for major agronomic traits in soybean (oil content, protein content, fatt y acid,
amino acid content, isofl avone content, fungal diseases resistance, insect resistance, cyst
X Preface
nematode resistance, 100-seed weight, lodging, plant height, growth stages). Chapter 6
describes development of a versatile soybean recombinant inbred line population segre-
gating for low linolenic acid and lypoxygenase nulls, its molecular characterization and
utility for soymilk and composite material production. Chapter 7 introduces the achieve-
ments of soybean breeding work at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
(Malawi) with emphasis on enhancement biological nitrogen fi xation capacity of new
breeding lines through the promiscuity approach as well as matching genotypes with
eff ective inoculants strains. Characterization of soybean-nodulating rhizobial commu-
nities and its diversity is the subject of Chapter 8.
Part II, “Breeding for abiotic stress” (Chapters 9 to 11) covers proteomics approaches form
as a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of the plant responses to
various types of abiotic stresses. It provides a path toward increasing the effi ciency of
indirect selection for inherited traits. Chapter 9 describes recent methodologies for the
extraction of proteins from soybean and then protein identifi cation techniques related to
the abiotic stresses. Chapter 10 is centered on the common and specifi c components of
various types of osmotic stresses, tolerant germplasm-specifi c components, the current
obstacles in this research area and the forward looking research strategies to tackle these
problems. Studying anatomical and ultrastructural changes in response to manganese
(Mn) nutritional disorders and deleterious eff ects of Mn stress on soybean is the subject
of Chapter 11.
Part III, “Breeding for biotic stress” (Chapters 12 to 19) addresses issues related to ap-
plication of molecular based strategies in order to increase soybean resistance to various
biotic factors (pathogens, insects, nematode). Chapter 12 reports the resistance to a num-
ber of Pythium spp. that should be useful in reducing the risk of stand loss due to this
group of pathogens. Chapter 13 introduces Phomopsis Seed Decay (PSD) with emphasis
on application of SSR marker in identifi cation resistant germplasm and using of the re-
sistant cultivars as the most eff ective method for controlling PSD. Chapter 14 focuses on
identifi cation approaches to broaden the resistance to soybean rust caused by pathogen
Phakospora pachyrhizi. In Chapter 15, authors describe Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV), in-
teraction between SMV and plant, as well as its current and future control strategies.
Chapter 16 reviews the current status of soybean aphid biotypes and strategies for un-
derstanding and managing virulence to host-plant resistance. Chapter 17 considers the
advances of identifi cation for resistance to cyst nematode, discovery novel gene from the
resistant accession and resistant cultivar development. Cell-specifi c studies of soybean
resistance to the cyst nematode as revealed by laser capture microdissection, gene path-
way analyses and functional studies are the subject of Chapter 18. In Chapter 19, authors
describe biotechnological insights using diff erent molecules in order to decrease biotic
stresses in soybean fi eld.
Part IV, “Recent Technology” (Chapters 20 to 22) reviews newer technologies into the
realm of soybean monitoring, processing and product use. Studying the changes in the
spectral behavior of the soybean crop, during the vegetative cycle, by spectral-temporal
profi les of the mapped crop areas, using two vegetation indexes (Normalized Diff er-
ence Vegetation Index-NDVI; Greenness Vegetation Index-GVI) of multispectral images
from the satellite Landsat 5/TM is the subject of Chapter 20. Chapter 21 describes the
preparation and properties of the bio-nanocomposites composed of the ESO (epoxidized
soybean oil) and AESO (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil) crosslinked by the photo-
