Soybean and Wheat Crops: Growth, Fertilization, and Yield (Agriculture Issues and Policies Series)

295 Pages·2009·4.7 MB·English

by  Samuel Davies

AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES SERIES

S W C :
OYBEAN AND HEAT ROPS
GROWTH, FERTILIZATION, AND YIELD

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Soybean and Wheat Crops: Growth, Fertilization, and Yield
Samuel Davies and George Evans
2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-173-4
AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES SERIES

S W C :
OYBEAN AND HEAT ROPS
GROWTH, FERTILIZATION, AND YIELD

SAMUEL DAVIES
AND
GEORGE EVANS
EDITORS

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Davies, Samuel, 1962-
Soybean and wheat crops : growth, fertilization, and yield / Samuel Davies and George Evans.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61668-983-4 (E-Book)
1. Soybean. 2. Wheat. I. Evans, George, 1961- II. Title.
SB205.S7D38 2009
633.3'4--dc22
2009010243

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (cid:30)  New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Influence of the Soybean Seed Coat upon Seed
Infestation and Development of the Insect
Callosobruchus Maculatus 1
Antonia Elenir A. Oliveira, Kátia V. S. Fernandes,
Amanda J. Souza and Patrícia O. Santos
Chapter 2 Effects of Soil Texture and Soil Salinity on the Plant
Water Relationship, Growth, Yield and Water
Use Efficiency of the Soybean Crop 23
N. Katerji, M. Mastrorilli, F. Lahmer and A. Hamdy
Chapter 3 Modeling the Water Balance Components of the Soybean
Canopy by Soil-Vegetation-atmosphere transfer model 39
D. T. Mihailović and B. Lalić
Chapter 4 Characterization of Soybean Cultivars:
Rapid HPLC Profiling Based on Protein Markers 65
Maria Luisa Marina and Maria Concepción García
Chapter 5 Effect of Liming, N and P Fertilisation of a Lixisol
on the Growth of Selected Soybean Cultivars under
Sub-humid Tropical Conditions in Zimbabwe 85
J. Nyamangara, C. Musharo, M. Matokwe
Chapter 6 Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol
in Soybean Grown in Serbia 103
Biljana Abramović and Igor Jajić
Chapter 7 Stem Boring of Soybean by Dectes texanus (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) and the Nature of its Impact on Yield 115
J. P. Michaud, J. A. Qureshi, A. K. Grant and J. L. Jyoti
Chapter 8 Fusarium Head Blight and DON Contamination
Management in Soft and Durum Wheat Cultivation 123
Andrea Maiorano, Massimo Blandino and Amedeo Reyneri
vi Contents
Chapter 9 Growing Wheat for High Alcohol Yield – Homogeneous
and Heterogeneous Approaches 165
J. S. Swanston and A. C. Newton
Chapter 10 Genetic Improvement of Wheat Yield Potential
and Adaptation in China 185
Zhonghu He and Xiaoke Zhang
Chapter 11 Wheat in Bangladesh: Yield Growth,
Production Performance and Determinants 203
Sanzidur Rahman and M. Kamrul Hasan
Chapter 12 Stabilizing Productivity of Drought-stressed
Crops by Foliar Application of Alkanolamines 225
Hans Bergmann and Gerhard Gramss
Chapter 13 Wheat: Composition and Feeding Value for Poultry 245
Velmurugu Ravindran and Ahmed M. Amerah
Index 261
PREFACE

The soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia. It is an annual plant that has been
used in China for 5,000 years as a food and a component of drugs. Soy contains significant
amounts of all the essential amino acids for humans, and so is a good source of protein.
Soybeans are the primary ingredient in many processed foods, including dairy product
substitutes and are an important global crop, providing oil and protein. On the other hand,
wheat is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is
the second most-produced food among the cereal crops. It is used to make flour, and for
fermentation to make beer, alcohol or biofuel. This book addresses a wide variety of issues in
the production and use of these two important crops. Among those included are pest
infestation, quality of food produced for human as well as animal consumption, genetically
modified plants and ways to increase productivity.
Chapter 1 - Seed coats represent the first tissue contacted by bruchids on host or non-host
species suggesting its participation in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to legume
seeds. On the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) host seeds the oviposition and egg hatching phases
of Callosobruchus maculatus are completed in about 6 days, eclosion occurs within the seed,
and adult beetles emerge some 25-30 days after oviposition. Before the larva reaches the
cotyledons, where it completes its life cycle, it is necessary to cross the seed coat, what may
represent a critical event when infesting non-host seeds, because of physical and toxicity
characteristics of this tissue. In the present chapter the authors present data on the influence of
seed coat from several soybean (Glycine max) cultivars over the C. maculatus larvae capacity
to penetrate, develop and survive on these seeds. Seed coat effects were evaluated by
exposing the insects to different systems: natural soybeans; cowpea-based artificial seeds
supplemented by soybean seed coat flour; or artificial cowpea seeds covered with natural
soybean seed coats. Natural soybeans reduced both female oviposition, ranging from 100%
(Tucunaré cultivar) to 35% (UFUS 2005) and larval eclosion (82.5% - Conquista cultivar - to
25% - commercial line). Major effects of natural soybeans were observed in respect to adult
emergency, since no adult has emerged from any cultivar up to 40 days after oviposition.
There were no positive correlations between thickness, pigmentation or surface texture of
cultivars’ seed coats and the larval ability of crossing this tissue. A delay of up to 116 % in
the time for the larvae to cross the seed coats was observed. Some laid eggs showed
abnormalities and others were completely withered. The surviving larvae that crossed the
tissue, in the artificial soybean seed coat-cowpea covered system, reached 34 % of the mass
of a normal larva. The incorporation of seed coat flour into artificial seeds revealed that the
viii Samuel Davies and George Evans
UFV 20 Florestal was the most toxic cultivar (WD [dose that reduced larval weight to 50%]
50
= 1.5%). Lowest levels of toxicity were observed for the UFUS 2005, Conquista, UFUS 2003
and Elite cultivars (WD varying from 10.5 to 12%). LD (doses that reduced the surviving
50 50
larvae number to 50%) were also variable, ranging from 1% to 14% among the cultivars.
Despite all variations, soybean seed coats were highly restrictive to the bruchid suggesting
that the tissue plays an important role for evolutionary discrimination of legumes by this
bruchid.
Chapter 2 - Soybean was grown in a lysimeters filled with loam and clay soils and was
irrigated with water having three different levels of salinity (fresh water, and saline waters
with 15 and 30 meq Cl/l).
During the soybean crop cycle, soil salinity was determined from the salt balance. Leaf-
water potential, stomatal conductance and actual evapotranspiration were used as the water-
stress indicators. Growth was measured through leaf area and dry matter and, finally, the
yield and its components were determined. The water use efficiency was also calculated.
Without salt stress (treatments irrigated with fresh water), the effect of soil texture on the
water relationship, productivity and water use efficiency of the soybean was not
demonstrated.
With salt stress, all the parameters, in both types of soil, were coherent, indicating
systematic differences between the saline treatments and the control treatments (treatments
irrigated with fresh water).
Soil texture affects the soybean response to soil salinity. The saline treatments in the
loam soil caused the values of the water stress indicators, of growth, of yield and of water use
efficiency to be higher than the highest values observed for the same treatments on the clay
soil.
The analysis of the relationship between relative yield and soil salinity indicates clearly
that soybean shows a higher salt tolerance if it is cultivated in loam soil.
Chapter 3 - In recent years, though, expansion of soybean croplands has been
increasingly important in the agricultural or production in many parts of the world. There are
a lot attempts to set this cultivar in the modeling focus, from different points of view
(microclimate, irrigation, crop, land surface, climate cahnge, etc.). However, regardless the
model is used, the interaction of surface and subsurface runoff and soil moisture, the
simulation of total evaporation (or latent heat) are always highly ranked in the modeling
hierarchy.
This chapter deals with the simulation of the water balance components of the soybean
canopy using a surface scheme. In that sense the authors used the hydrological module in the
Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) developed at Faculty of Agriculture, Department
for Field and Vegetable Crops, University of Novi Sad (Serbia). It is designed as a software
package that can be run as part of an environmental model or as a stand-alone one. The LAPS
includes modeling the interaction of the land surface and the atmosphere, under processes
divided into three sections: subsurface thermal and hydraulic processes, bare soil transfer
processes and canopy transfer processes. They are: interaction of radiation with vegetation,
evaporation from bare soil, evapotranspiration including transpiration and evaporation of
intercepted water and dew, conduction of soil water through the vegetation layer, vertical
water movement in the soil, surface and subsurface runoff, heat conduction in the soil and
momentum transport within and above the vegetation. The scheme has seven prognostic
variables: three temperature variables (foliage, soil surface and deep soil), one interception