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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Vital Signs Monitoring Plan Southeast Alaska Network Natural Resource Report NPS/SEAN/NRR—2008/059 ON THE COVER Glacier Bay National Park. Looking northeast across Berg Bay to Willoughby Island, with the East Arm and Mt. Wright in the background. Photo by Bill Eichenlaub. NPS. July 2007. Vital Signs Monitoring Plan Southeast Alaska Network Natural Resource Report NPS/SEAN/NRR—2008/059 Brendan J. Moynahan William F. Johnson David W. Schirokauer Lewis C. Sharman Geoffrey Smith Scott Gende National Park Service Southeast Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network 3100 National Park Road Juneau, Alaska 99801 Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park Sitka National Historical Park September 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; monitoring protocols; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. This report is available from the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM) and the Southeast Alaska I&M Network website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/SEAN) on the Internet. Please cite this publication as: Moynahan, B. J., W. F. Johnson, D. W. Schirokauer, L. Sharman, G. Smith, and S. Gende. 2008. Vital sign monitoring plan: Southeast Alaska Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/SEAN/NRR—2008/059. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. (cid:3) (cid:3) NPS D-171, September 2008(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) 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Topic(s): Ecological monitoring Theme Keywords: Reports, Protocols, Guidelines, Plans Place Name Keywords: Alaska, Southeast Alaska, Glacier Bay, Sitka, Klondike, Skagway, Gustavus Acronyms: AK-EPMT Alaska Exotic Plant Management Team ARO Alaska Regional Office, Anchorage, AK BOD Board of Directors DMP Data Management Plan DOI Department of the Interior GLBA Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve PDS Protocol Development Summary I&M Inventory and Monitoring Program KLGO Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park MDN Mercury Deposition Network NPS National Park Service SEAN Southeast Alaska Network SITK Sitka National Historical Park TC Technical Committee USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS-BRD U.S. Geological Survey – Biological Resources Division WRCC Western Regional Climate Center WRD Water Resources Division (NPS) (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:76) Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ viii THE SOUTHEAST ALASKA NETWORK MISSION STATEMENT................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 PURPOSES OF THE VITAL SIGNS PROGRAM .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 NPS Policies and Mandates that Link Monitoring and Management of Parks ....................................... 2 1.1.2 SEAN Parks Legislation ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1 GLBA Enabling Legislation ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 GOALS OF VITAL SIGNS MONITORING ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Integrating Water and Air Quality Monitoring ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 MONITORING OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 SOUTHEAST ALASKA NETWORK: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ....................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Klondike Goldrush National Historical Park ........................................................................................ 14 1.4.2 Sitka National Historical Park............................................................................................................... 15 1.4.3 Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve .............................................................................................. 15 1.5 RESOURCE PRESERVATION CONCERNS ....................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Broad-Scale Concerns of All SEAN Parks ............................................................................................. 17 1.5.2 Park-Scale, Issues-Oriented Monitoring: What Are the Most Important Management and Scientific Issues to the Network? ......................................................................................................................................... 19 1.6 THE SEAN APPROACH TO PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................. 20 1.7 DATA CAPTURE AND REVIEW OF MONITORING BY OTHERS ........................................................................ 22 v CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL ECOLOGICAL MODELS .................................................................................... 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 23 2.2 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Global Setting of Southeast Alaska Parks: Far-field Drivers of Change .............................................. 24 2.2.2 Local Resource Preservation Concerns: Near-field Drivers of Change................................................ 26 2.3 DRIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ...................................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Holistic Model ....................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Physical Drivers in Southeast Alaska .................................................................................................... 28 2.4 ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.4.1 Succession in Freshwater ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Primary Succession on Land ................................................................................................................. 30 2.4.3 The Marine Environment ....................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3: VITAL SIGNS ..................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 VITAL SIGN SELECTION ............................................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Scoping Workshops ..................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Compile, Rate, and Prioritize Candidate Vital Signs ............................................................................ 35 3.1.3 The Core and Secondary Programs ....................................................................................................... 36 3.1.4 Relationship between Vital Signs and Conceptual Models .................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 4: SAMPLING DESIGNS ...................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 SAMPLING DESIGN BY VITAL SIGN ............................................................................................................. 41 4.1.1 Area-based Sampling ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.1.2 List-based Sampling ............................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.3 Index Sites .............................................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.4 Census Designs ...................................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 5: SAMPLING PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................................... 49 vi CHAPTER 6: DATA MANAGEMENT AND ARCHIVING .................................................................................. 56 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 57 6.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE ....................................................................................... 60 6.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND DATA PROCESSING WORKFLOW ................................................................... 61 6.4 DATA MANAGEMENT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................. 64 6.5 DATABASES ................................................................................................................................................. 64 6.6 DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING, AND REPORTING ................................................................................... 67 6.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL ......................................................................................... 69 6.8 DATASET DOCUMENTATION ........................................................................................................................ 70 6.9 DATA OWNERSHIP AND SHARING ................................................................................................................ 70 6.10 DATA DISSEMINATION ................................................................................................................................ 71 6.11 RECORDS MANAGEMENT, DATA MAINTENANCE, AND ARCHIVING............................................................. 71 6.12 PROJECT TRACKING AND DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................... 73 6.13 IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................................................... 73 6.14 WATER QUALITY DATA .............................................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 7: DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING ........................................................................................... 75 7.1 DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 75 7.2 REPORTING .................................................................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 8: ADMINISTRATION/IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM ................. 81 8.1 SEAN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 81 8.2 STAFFING PLAN ........................................................................................................................................... 83 8.2.1 Reliance on and Integration with Park Staff .......................................................................................... 84 8.2.2 Reliance on Cooperators, Partners, and Contractors ........................................................................... 86 8.3 PROGRAM REVIEWS .................................................................................................................................... 88 vii CHAPTER 9: SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................................................ 89 CHAPTER 10: BUDGET............................................................................................................................................ 95 CHAPTER 11: LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................................... 99 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................................... 113 viii

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Vital Signs Monitoring Plan Southeast Alaska Network Natural Resource Report NPS/SEAN/NRR—2008/059 Brendan J. Moynahan William F. Johnson David W. Schirokauer
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