Table Of ContentSocial Policy in a Development Context
Social Policy in a Development Context is a series which places social policy at
the centre of research while maintaining the United Nations Research Institute for
Social Development (UNRISD)’s unifi ed approach to social development. The series
provides a new and exciting contribution to the literature in economic develop-
ment and social policy. In economic development, social policy has been recog-
nized as an integral part of development, but the literature often falls short of
elaborating social policy for a unifi ed approach to economic and social develop-
ment. In social policy, analysis has concentrated mainly on European and North
American countries, and studies on developing countries often lack comparative
rigour. The bridge between economic development and social policy will not only
contribute to academic research but also inform policy debates at the international
and national levels.
Titles include:
‘Jìmí O. Adésínà (editor)
SOCIAL POLICY IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICAN CONTEXT
In Search of Inclusive Development
Yusuf Bangura (editor)
DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL POLICY
Giovanni Andrea Cornia (editor)
PRO- POOR MACROECONOMICS
Potential and Limitations
Katja Hujo and Shea McClanahan (editors)
FINANCING SOCIAL POLICY
Mobilizing Resources for Social Development
Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper (editors)
SOUTH- SOUTH MIGRATION
Implications for Social Policy and Development
Olli Kangas and Joakim Palme (editors)
SOCIAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
Massoud Karshenas and Valentine M. Moghadam (editors)
SOCIAL POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Political, Economics and Gender Dynamics
Huck- Ju Kwon (editor)
THE DEVELOPMENTAL WELFARE STATE AND POLICY REFORMS IN EAST ASIA
Maureen Mackintosh and Meri Koivusalo (editors)
COMMERCIALIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
Global and Local Dynamics and Policy Responses
Thandika Mkandawire (editor)
SOCIAL POLICY IN A DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT
Naren Prasad (editor)
SOCIAL POLICIES, AND PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER SUPPLY
Beyond Regulation
Shahra Razavi and Shireen Hassim (editors)
GENDER AND SOCIAL POLICY IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT
Uncovering the Gendered Structure of ‘the Social’
Manuel Riesco (editor)
LATIN AMERICA
A New Developmental Welfare State Model in the Making?
Social Policy in a Development Context
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–4295–1 (hardback)
978–1–4039–4296–8 (paperback) (outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand-
ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the
address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN
quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
South–South Migration
Implications for Social Policy
and Development
Edited by
Katja Hujo
and
Nicola Piper
© UNRISD 2010
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-27158-6
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
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ISBN 978-1-349-32265-7 ISBN 978-0-230-28337-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230283374
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managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
South-south migration : implications for social policy and development
/ edited by Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper.
p. cm. — (Social policy in a development context)
ISBN 978-1-349-32265-7
1. Developing countries—Social policy. 2. Economic development—
Developing countries. 3. Developing countries—Emigration and
immigration—Economic aspects. I. Hujo, Katja. II. Piper, Nicola.
HN980.S638 2010
304.809172'4—dc22
2010023868
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Contents
List of Tables and Figures vi
Preface vii
Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x
Notes on the Contributors xii
1 Linking Migration, Social Development and
Policy in the South – An Introduction 1
Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper
2 The Implications of Migration for Gender
and Care Regimes in the South 46
Eleonore Kofman and Parvati Raghuram
3 Human Resource Flows from and between
Developing Countries: Implications for Social
and Public Policies 84
Jean-B aptiste Meyer
4 Migration and Social Development: Organizational
and Political Dimensions 120
Nicola Piper
5 Remittances, Migration and Development: Policy
Options and Policy Illusions 158
Hein de Haas
6 Migration and Poverty: Linkages, Knowledge Gaps and
Policy Implications 190
Arjan de Haan and Shahin Yaqub
7 Towards Inclusive Migration and Social Policy
Regimes – C onclusion 220
Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper
Index 230
v
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1 Migration and the roles of social policy 18
3.1 Average emigration rate to OECD per region
and gender, for the tertiary educated (percentage) 93
3.2 Breakdown of Diaspora Knowledge Networks,
by regions of origin 103
5.1 Remittances, 2008 173
Figures
2.1 The care diamond 52
vi
Preface
In search of employment opportunities and better incomes, people
around the globe seek to improve their lives by migrating abroad.
For developing countries in particular, migration is often crucial for
securing livelihoods, offering protection and allowing for investments
in social services for migrants and household members left behind.
Deciding where to live and work is also a genuine expression of human
freedom, as the 2009 Human Development Report (Overcoming Barriers:
Human Mobility and Development) has rightly underscored. However, all
too often migrants confront insurmountable barriers that frustrate their
efforts to move in the first place or that turn their migration experience
into a journey of suffering, humiliation, loss of rights and resources and
inability to reap benefits for themselves and their families.
Social policy has a central role to play in maximizing the benefits of
migration for migrants, accompanying family members or those left
behind, as well as for sending and receiving countries. Social policy
has the potential to benefit all people living in a country regardless of
whether they are nationals, foreign residents or immigrants, by foster-
ing w ell- being, social cohesion and development. The motivation driv-
ing this book project was the apparent lack of research and conceptual
approaches on the relationship between social policy and migration
with regard to developing countries. Whereas development researchers
focus almost exclusively on the economic impact of remittances and
skilled labour migration (so called brain drain), social policy issues are
mainly discussed in the context of migrants’ integration into developed
welfare systems in the North. What migration means for social welfare,
social institutions and social relations in developing source and host
countries is mostly neglected, as are questions regarding the appropriate
policy answers and governance arrangements to deal with S outh– South
migration.
This book uses several entry points for unpacking and systematically
analysing the social dimensions of migration and its implications for
social policy. We asked contributors to refer explicitly to movements
between developing countries, also labelled South– South migration,
which have so far received far less attention than migration from the
South to the North. Admittedly, the dearth of knowledge and data on
South– South migration allows for relatively tentative and exploratory
vii
viii Preface
analyses, with an emphasis on identifying research gaps and appropriate
research questions to guide future analyses on these issues. Key messages
from this volume therefore point out the need to conduct more research
on migration flows between developing countries, to consider migra-
tion as an integral part of social policy making and to link national,
regional and global debates on migration and development.
We would like to express our gratitude to a number of individuals
and institutions that have contributed to the completion of this book.
This project was possible through the generous funds made available
by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
and co- funding from the Institute for Futures Studies (IFS). Papers
commissioned for this project were presented and discussed at an
International Conference on Social Policy and Migration that took
place in Stockholm on 22–3 November 2007. We would like to thank
our project partners Dr Joakim Palme, Director of the IFS in Stockholm,
and Dr Frank Laczko, Chief of the Research and Publications Division
of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Geneva, for
their important inputs in shaping the programme and contributing to
the discussion. We would further like to thank staff at the IFS, especially
Julia Falkerby and Helena Rantanikunen, for so wonderfully taking care
of the logistics and o n- site arrangements involved in getting the confer-
ence off the ground and ensuring that it went so smoothly.
We would also like to acknowledge the input of various colleagues
who generously took the time to make constructive comments on the
early drafts of the individual chapters (which was an anonymous pro-
cedure, hence we will not name them here) as well as our introduction
and conclusion chapters. We are especially indebted to Dr Christine
Kuptsch, Dr Gery Nijenhuis and Dr Rachel S abates- Wheeler for com-
menting upon the entire manuscript. A number of colleagues at the
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)
were involved in reviewing the individual chapters, and special thanks
go to Shahra Razavi and Kléber Ghimire for their input and support.
An edited book depends on willing contributors and we want to
thank all of the authors for their initial interest, perseverance and
patience throughout the ‘production’ process. We further thank
Dr Jane Pillinger, Professor Binod Khadria, Professor Aderanti Adepoju
and Dr Andrés Solimano for their background papers which were pre-
sented at the conference in Stockholm and which we, the editors, draw
on in our introduction chapter.
We as editors also owe a great deal of gratitude to the various research
analysts and interns working at UNRISD who were involved in s haping
Preface ix
and editing the chapters at the various stages of this publication
project. These are: Shea McClanahan (former research analyst), Elena
Gaia (research analyst) and Nora El Qadim, Soyoung Yu, Muhabbat
Mahmudova, Christy McConnell, Christy Campbell and Maria Garrone
(former interns).
Invaluable editorial and formatting assistance was further given by
Anita Tombez, and Suroor Alikhan. Jenifer Freedman helped us with
our dealings with the publisher, accompanying us with her competent
advice throughout the whole process. Thanks are also due to Véronique
Martinez, Sylvie Liu, Josephine Grin- Yates and Alexander Dénis for their
support on administrative issues and dissemination of this project.
As is the case with all UNRISD projects, work on the project Social
Policy and Migration in Developing Countries would not have been possi-
ble without the core funding provided by the governments of D enmark,
Finland, M exico, N orway, South Africa, S weden, S witzerland and the
United Kingdom. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude.
Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper
December 2009
