Table Of ContentRADIATION DOSIMETRY
Second Edition
Editors: Frank H. Attix
William C. Roesch
Eugene Tochilin
VOLUME I Fundamentals
VOLUME II Instrumentation
VOLUME III Sources, Fields, Measurements,
and Applications
RADIATION DOSIMETRY
Second Edition
VOLUME III
Sources, Fields, Measurements,
and Applications
Edited by
FRANK H. ATTIX
U. S. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
EUGENE TOCHILIN
U. S. NAVAL RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE LABORATORY
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
1969
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London
COPYRIGHT © 1969, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY
OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM
THE PUBLISHERS.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London W1X 6BA
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 66-26846
Second Printing, 1971
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Dedicated to Mr. Kurt Jacoby, the late editorial vice-president of
Academic Press. The first edition of this book (edited by G. J. Hine
and G. L. Brownell), as well as the present edition, are only two
examples of the very long list of scientific publications that owe their
origin to his keen interest and initiative in many fields of science.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors'
contributions begin.
TOR BRUSTAD, Norsk Hydro's Institute for Cancer Research, The
1
Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway (151)
C. SHARP COOK, U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San
Francisco, California (361)
FREDERICK P. COWAN. Physics Division, Brookhaven National Laborat
ory, Upton, New York (523)
J. DE PANGHER, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Palo Alto,
California (309)
R. D. EVANS, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (453)
C. R. HILL, Physics Department, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal
Cancer Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, England (401)
NIELS W. HOLM, Danish AEC Research Establishment, Risφ, Roskilde,
Denmark (869)
Η. E. JOHNS, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (1, 677)
H. KIEFER, Gesellschaft fόr Kernforschung, Karlsruhe, Germany (557)
JOHN S. LAUGHLIN, Division of Biophysics, Sloan-Kettering Institute
for Cancer Research, New York, New York (91)
2
R. LOEVINGER, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (51)
JOHN Τ. LYMAN, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley, California (151)
1
Present address: Donner Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
2
Present address: Dosimetry Section, Center for Radiation Research, National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D. C.
vii
viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
R. MAUSHART, Laboratorium Prof. Dr. Berthold, Schwarzwald, West
Germany (557)
W. V. MAYNEORD, 7 Downs Way Close, Tadworth, Surrey, England
(401)
V. MEJDAHL, Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment,
Risφ, Roskilde, Denmark (557)
JOHN MOTEFF, Metals Radiation Effects Research, General Electric
Company, Nuclear Materials and Propulsion Operation, Cincinnati,
Ohio (201)
MUDUNDI R. RAJU, Division of Medical Physics, Donner Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, California (151)
ROBERT J. SHALEK, Department of Physics, The University of Texas,
M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston,
Houston, Texas (743)
B. W. SHUMWAY, U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San
Francisco, California (247)
W. K. SINCLAIR, Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois (617)
C. A. SONDHAUS, Department of Radiological Science, University of
California, College of Medicine, Irvine, California (453)
F. W. SPIERS, Department of Medical Physics, The University of Leeds,
Leeds, England (809)
MARILYN STOVALL, Department of Physics, The University of Texas,
M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, Houston,
Texas (743)
CORNELIUS A. TOBIAS, Division of Medical Physics, Donner Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, California (151)
E. TOCHILIN, U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Fran
cisco, California (247, 309)
PREFACE
In 1956 Academic Press published the first edition of *4 Radiation
Dosimetry" under the editorship of Dr. Gerald J. Hine and Dr. Gordon
L. Brownell. The announced purpose of that book was to fill the need
for an up-to-date and unified presentation of the significant aspects of
radiation dosimetry, for use primarily by those working with medical,
industrial, and research applications of radiation. That the editors and
authors succeeded admirably in achieving this goal is attested by the
presence of well-thumbed copies of the book on the desks and shelves
of most of the people working in these fields.
During the decade since the publication of the first edition, many
advances have been made, both in the understanding of the fundamentals
of radiation dosimetry and in the development of new and improved
methods for measurement. The second edition has been prepared to
fill the need for a comprehensive treatise which again brings together
the major part of today's knowledge of this field. It has been written
primarily as a reference work for radiation workers, and to this end
many useful tables, curves, illustrations, formulas, and references to the
literature have been included. On the other hand, every effort has been
made to present the material as clearly as possible, so that the book
will be useful also to those just entering the field.
Special attention has been given to the achievement of uniformity
of the dosimetry terminology employed throughout the treatise. The
International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements
(ICRU) has been taken as the final authority in this matter, which is
discussed extensively in Chapter 1 of Volume I. Some of the more
recently recommended terms (e.g., fluence, kerma) may seem a little
strange at first to some readers, but will soon become commonplace.
The use of gm, mg, and kg as abbreviations for gram, milligram, and
kilogram is not altogether in agreement with the current recommenda
tions of the ICRU and other authorities on physical terminology. They
prefer "g" for gram, which is obviously more consistent with mg and kg.
However, a long-standing policy of Academic Press in favor of two-letter
abbreviations finally prevailed.
Although the present work is called a second edition, it is in many
respects a new start. Because of other commitments, Drs. Hine and
Brownell were unable to undertake again the burden of editorship;
ix
χ PREFACE
therefore, F. Η. Attix (Naval Research Laboratory), W. C. Roesch
(Battelle Northwest), and E. Tochilin (Naval Radiological Defense
Laboratory) were asked to serve as editors for this edition, with Dr. Hine
assisting in the capacity of consulting editor. The original 18 chapters
in one volume have now been expanded to 33 chapters in three volumes,
covering a variety of new topics; the authors are all outstanding authorities
in their subject areas.
The first volume (8 chapters, edited by Attix and Roesch) is subtitled
"Fundamentals." It deals with the concepts and units of dosimetry;
special problems of energy deposition in the microscopic domain (e.g.
single cells); interactions of χ and y rays, charged particles, and neutrons
with matter; mathematical theory of radiation fields; ionization; and
cavity-chamber theory.
The second volume (8 chapters, edited by Attix and Roesch) is
called "Instrumentation." It covers the fundamentals and design of
ionization chambers, GM and proportional counters, scintillation
detectors, chemical dosimeters, integrating and conductivity-type solid
state dosimeters, photographic dosimeters, and calorimeters.
The third volume (17 chapters, edited by Attix and Tochilin) is
entitled "Sources, Fields, Measurements, and Applications." It includes
chapters on dosimetry relating to χ rays and teleisotope y rays, discrete
and distributed ex-, j3-, and y-ray sources, electron beams, heavy charged-
particle beams, reactors, neutron and mixed ç-ă fields, neutrons from
accelerators and radioactive sources, initial and residual ionizing radiation
from nuclear weapons, natural and man-made background radiation,
radiation in space, ultra-high energy radiation and uncommon types of
particles, health physics, radiobiology, radiotherapy, implant and
intracavitary therapy, "transition-zones" (especially at bone-tissue
interfaces), and radiation processing.
Cross-referencing has been used freely as a means of minimizing
redundancy among the chapters, thus making it possible to place some
reasonable limit on the overall book length. Volume III especially relies
upon Volume II to provide the basic discussion of instrumentation,
allowing the major emphasis in Volume III to be placed on dosimetry
methods appropriate to different types of fields and the description of
those fields and their sources.
We would like to thank individually the many people who contributed
so much to the preparation of this book by reviewing the chapters.
However this would be a list of dozens, and would entail the con
siderable hazard of omitting someone through oversight. Nonetheless,
we are greatly indebted to all of them. As consulting editor, Dr. Hine's
invaluable advice, especially during the planning stages of the treatise,
saved us from many editorial pitfalls. Special thanks are due to Mrs. Ruth
PREFACE xi
Malarkey and Mrs. May Young for their perseverance and efficiency
in handling the bulk of the formidable secretarial burden. We gratefully
acknowledge the cooperation of our respective institutions (NRL,
Batteile, NRDL) in allowing our participation in this work. One of us
(F. H. A.) was on sabbatical leave with the Health Physics Division
of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Research Establishment at
Harwell during the final preparations of Volume III. The cordial
hospitality of that laboratory is greatly appreciated.
Finally, we thank our respective wives (Shirley, Rhoda, and Mary
Lee) for their patience and understanding during this time-consuming
and seemingly never-ending task.
F. H. ATTIX
W. C. ROESCH
E. TOCHILIN
December, 1968
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
VOLUME I
Fundamentals
Edited by Frank H. Attix and William C. Roesch
WILLIAM C. ROESCH AND FRANK H. ATTIX: Basic Concepts of Dosimetry
HARALD Η. ROSSI: Microscopic Energy Distribution in Irradiated Matter
ROBLEY D. EVANS: x-Ray and y-Ray Interactions
HANS BICHSEL: Charged Particle Interactions
WILLIAM C. ROESCH: Mathematical Theory of Radiation Fields
W. S. SNYDER AND J. A. AUXIER: Neutron Interactions and Penetration
I. T. MYERS: Ionization
Τ. E. BURLIN: Cavity Chamber Theory
Author Index—Subject Index
VOLUME II
Instrumentation
Edited by Frank H. Attix and William C. Roesch
J. W. BOAG: Ionization Chambers
E. W. EMERY: Geiger-Mueller and Proportional Counters
WOLFGANG J. RAMM: Scintillation Detectors
HUGO FRICKE AND EDWIN J. HART: Chemical Dosimetry
J. F. FOWLER AND F. H. ATTIX: Solid State Integrating Dosimeters
J. F. FOWLER: Solid State Electrical Conductivity Dosimeters
ROBERT A. DUDLEY: Dosimetry with Photographic Emulsions
J. S. LAUGHLIN AND S. GENNA: Calorimetry
Author Index—Subject Index
xix
