Source water quality for aquaculture: a guide for assessment

191 Pages·1999·0.59 MB·English

by  Ronald D. Zweig

Source Water Quality for Aquaculture : A
Guide for Assessment Environmentally and
title:
Socially Sustainable Development. Rural
Development
Zweig, Ronald D.; Morton, John D.;
author:
Stewart, Macol M.
publisher: World Bank
isbn10 | asin: 082134319X
print isbn13: 9780821343197
ebook isbn13: 9780585261072
language: English
Fishes--Effect of water quality on,
subject Shellfish--Effect of water quality on, Water
quality--Measurement.
publication date: 1999
lcc: SH174.Z94 1999eb
ddc: 639.3
Fishes--Effect of water quality on,
subject:
Shellfish--Effect of water quality on, Water
quality--Measurement.
Page i
Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development
Rural Development
Source Water Quality for Aquaculture
A Guide for Assessment
Ronald D. Zweig
John D. Morton
Macol M. Stewart
The World Bank
Washington, D.C.
Page ii
Copyright © 1999
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing March 1999
This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The
judgments expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board
of Executive Directors or of the governments they represent.
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Photographs by Ronald Zweig. Clockwise from top right: (1) Marine
fish culture in floating cages surrounded by shellfish and seaweed
culture (suspended from buoys in background), which feeds on
released fish wastes. Sea cucumbers stocked beneath the cages feed
on the settled fish wastes. Weihai Municipality, Shandong Province,
China. (2) Pump house brings water from Bay of Bengal to Banapada
Shrimp Farm, Orissa, India. (3) Day-old carp hatchlings are released
to a nursery cage in a fish hatchery pond prior to sale to stock fish
production farms. Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China.
Ronald D. Zweig is senior aquaculturist in the East Asia and the
Pacific Rural Development and Natural Resources Sector Unit of the
World Bank. John D. Morton is a Ph.D. candidate in environmental
and water resource engineering at the University of Michigan. Macol
M. Stewart is an international development analyst in the Office of
Global Programs in the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zweig, Ronald D., 1947-
Source water quality for aquaculture: a guide for assessment / Ronald
D. Zweig, John D. Morton, Macol M. Stewart.
p. cm.(Environmentally and socially sustainable
development. Rural development)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-8213-4319-X
1. FishesEffect of water quality on. 2. ShellfishEffect of
water quality on. 3. Water qualityMeasurement. I. Morton, John
D., 1968- . II. Stewart, Macol M., 1968- . III. Title.
IV. Series: Environmentally and socially sustainable development
series. Rural development.
IN PROCESS 1998
639.3dc21 98-41429
CIP
The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood
aqueous coating on the cover.
Page iii
Contents
Foreword v
Abstract vii
Acknowledgments viii
Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
Glossary x
Chapter 1 1
Assessing Source Water Quality
Choice of Source Water 1
Source Water Quality Issues 1
Guidelines for Evaluating Source Water Quality 3
Chapter 2 6
Phase I: Physio-chemical Water Quality Parameters
Basic Factors 6
Other Critical Factors 18
Chapter 3 22
Phase II: Anthropogenic and Biological Water Quality
Parameters
Metals 22
Metalloids 31
Organic Compounds 33
Pathogens and Biological Contaminants 39
Chapter 4 42
Phase III: Field Study
Study Design 42
Criteria for Fish Growth and Health 42
Criteria for Contaminant Residues 43
Appendix Tables 44
Notes 53
Bibliography and Related Sources 55
Species Index 61
Page iv
Boxes
1.1 5
Bioaccumulation
3.1 37
Protecting aquaculture ponds from pesticides
Figure
1.1 4
Analytical process for evaluating source water quality for
aquaculture
Tables
1.1 2
Advantages and disadvantages of common water sources
2.1 6
General temperature guidelines
2.2 7
Optimal rearing temperatures for selected species
2.3 8
Turbidity tolerance levels for aquaculture
2.4 9
Optimal salinities for selected species and general
guidelines
2.5 10
Alkalinity tolerance levels for aquaculture
2.6 11
pH tolerance levels and effect for aquaculture
2.7 11
Hardness tolerance levels for aquaculture
2.8 12
Optimal ranges for total hardness
2.9 13
Recommended levels of dissolved oxygen for aquaculture
2.10 15
Carbon dioxide tolerance levels for aquaculture
2.11 16
Factors affecting the toxicity of ammonia to fish
2.12 17
Ammonia tolerances for aquaculture
2.13 18
Optimal nitrite concentrations for aquaculture
2.14 18
Optimal nitrate concentrations for aquaculture
2.15 20
Optimal mud characteristics for aquaculture
3.1 26
Maximum cadmium concentrations for aquaculture
3.2 27
Maximum lead concentrations for aquaculture