Table Of ContentCollection of Native North American Indian Books,
Historical Books, Atlases, plus other important au-
thors and family heirloom books.
As of 12-31-93
\j
Earl Ford MccNNaauughton
SOURCE BOOK
IN
ANTHROPOLOGY
by
KROEBER
A. L.
and
WATERMAN
T. T.
REVISED EDITION, ILLUSTRATED
.fib
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT, I931* BY
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be re-
produced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
[i-4'46]
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
83
CONTENTS
HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. HERODOTUS. SOME GREEK ANTHROPOLOGI.CAL.E.XPLANA-
TIONS
. . . . . . 3
2. LUCRETIUS. ROMAN SPECULATIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN
AND CIVILIZATION
9
EVOLUTION
3. CHARLES DARWIN. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE AND
NATURAL SELECTION
17
.........
4. THOMAS H. HUXLEY. ON THE RELATIONS OF MAN TO THE
LOWER ANIMALS
32
5. WILLIAM K. GREGORY. EVOLUTION OF THE PRIMATES AND
MAN -37
.... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...
6. A. HRDLICKA. THE MOST ANCIENT SKELETAL REMAINS OF
MAN
43
7. E. A. HOOTON. THE ASYMMETRICAL CHARACTER OF HU-
MAN EVOLUTION
67
HEREDITY AND RACE
8. FRANCIS GALTON. HEREDITARY GENIUS . . . 77
9. GUSTAV RETZIUS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RACE MEASURE-
MENTS AND CLASSIFICATION
94
10. LOUIS R. SULLIVAN. ESSENTIALS OF ANTHROPOMETRY 102
.
11. FRANZ BOAS. THE TYPE OF THE HALF-BREED INDIAN
. I1
12. FELIX VON LUSCHAN. THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF
WESTERN ASIA
I1
13. HUMPHREY J. JOHNSON. RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATION-
ALITY IN EUROPE I32
iii
Contents
iv
14. FRANZ BOAS. CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS
OF IMMIGRANTS I4I
15. LAURENCE H. SNYDER. HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS . . . 154
WOODWORTH. RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL TRAITS 163
16. R. S.
PREHISTORY
17. LORD AVEBURY. THE DIVISIONS OF PREHISTORIC TIME *75
18. A. E. DOUGLASS. TREE GROWTH AND CHRONOLOGY OF
PUEBLO PREHISTORY J77
19. W. H. HOLMES. ANCIENT MAYA RUINS . . . . l88
SUBSISTENCE AND MATERIAL CULTURE
20. DAVID PRESCOTT BARROWS. DESERT PLANT FOODS OF THE
COAHUILLA 202
21. L. FOURIE. SUBSISTENCE AND SOCIETY AMONG THE HEIKUM
BUSHMEN 211
22. A. E. JENKS. TERRACE AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES 222
23. H. J. SPINDEN. THE ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF AGRI-
CULTURE IN AMERICA 227
24. FRANCIS GALTON. THE DOMESTICATION OF .ANIM.ALS.. .. 233
25. NELS C. NELSON. FLINT WORKING BY ISHI .... 244
26. OTIS T. MASON. TYPES OF BASKET WEAVES 249
SOCIAL CULTURE
27. A. RADCLIFFE BROWN. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
KARIERA OF AUSTRALIA 2^7
28. RICHARD THURNWALD. BANARO SOCIETY . • 2&4
29. A. WINIFRED HOERNLE. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
NAMA HOTTENTOT 296
30. ROBERT H. LOWIE. MARRIAGE AND SOCIETY AMONG THE
CROW INDIANS 3°4
' •
31. EDWARD WINSLOW GIFFORD. MIWOK MOIETIES . 310
V
32. EDWARD SAPIR. THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE WEST
COAST TRIBES 3*7
. . .
33- FRANZ BOAS. IWh, JrU1L.A1Lsti Ur 1nb JS.WAK1U1L 1JNDJAJNS 3O312o
34- BENJAMIN DANKS. SHELL-MONEY.OF.NEW.BR.ITAI.N . . 338
35- R. F. BARTON. IFUGAO LAW 346
36. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. WARFARE OF THE PLAINS INDIANS 367
2FTQTWITHTTP A"M"n "RTTTTPTOTTQ PTTTTTTPTh
37- FRANZ BOAS. DECORATIVE ART OF THE NORTH PACIFIC
COAST 374
......
38. E. B. TYLOR. AMERICAN LOT-GAMES AS EVIDENCE OF ASI-
-Ar\T1TP TX'INNT1T'HjRIRVPV-^OKTJTKJTI?vDIj
39- E. A. WALLIS BUDGE. EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING 398
.
40. R. H. CODRINGTON. MELANESIAN RELIGION 412
4i. H. CALLAWAY. THE RELIGION OF THE AMAZULU OF SOUTH
AFRICA 420
42. W. THALBITZER. SHAMANS OF THE EAST GREENLAND ES-
KIMO ......... 43°
1JZjX^ 7XVI17ITV7j7IXAl7^tQO 437
>4A "Jrp. -np,. rK^jpVyJrL-JvITJAIAXIpS^nD. iTwvrlrAiVmjiCv^ VrTCVtJTt)vITVVlT7\J77l_,.Ari<.?o CKJ\Tr? TI'r7a7n77, rirrLrUripfJa\ 440
45- WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. NAVAHO SONGS AND PRAYERS 442
46. GEORGE GREY. THE CREATION ACCORDING TO THE MAORI 444
.
47- R. B. DIXON. THE CREATION ACCORDING TO THE MAIDU 458
.
rD\YvJ\TNaAtMvilxtLr~o*a /O~\rt? Cr»TUtLttT<UttRtaEtt>
.....
48. E. B. TYLOR. ON A METHOD OF INVESTIGATING THE DE-
VELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONS 464
49- A. L. KROEBER. SUB-HUMAN CULTURE BEGINNINGS 472
.
....
50. ERLAND NORDENSKIOLD. THE AMERICAN INDIAN AS AN
INVENTOR 489
. . . .
5i. CLARK WISSLER. THE INFLUENCE OF THE.HOR.SE.IN .THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PLAINS CULTURE 505
2
vi Contents
52. T. T. WATERMAN. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AMERICAN
INDIANS 51
53. W. H. R. RIVERS. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF USEFUL ARTS . 524
54. BERTHOLD LAUFER. SOME FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF CHI-
NESE CULTURE '• 535
MARGARET MEAD. THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN
55.
SAMOAN CULTURE 545
• •
INDEX 563
PREFACE
The passages in this volume have been selected for their utility in
stimulating discussion. They are included not because they present ulti-
mate scientific truth, but because they embody facts and interpretations
which are useful for the exercise of thought on some of the larger
problems of anthropology.
The book was undertaken and first published in several smaller
editions of Selected Readings as an auxiliary to an ordinary working
library in anthropology. In that stage it embodied chiefly articles
which are out of print or accessible in journals of which even a great
library often possesses only a single file. In 1920, the volume was en-
larged to about the present size and issued under the present title as a
University of California Syllabus. In this form the book was intended
as a basis for study in courses of instruction in general anthropology,
with collateral and special reading provided according to available
A
library facilities. reprint in 1924 began to circulate increasingly in
a number of institutions where anthropology, sociology, and related
branches of social science were taught. The present edition has been
prepared with a view to such wider use.
To this end, a thorough revision has been made. Only twenty
of the fifty-four original selections have been retained unchanged. Six-
teen have been altered, mostly by further cutting, but in one or two
cases by additions to bring their information up to date. Eighteen
articles have been entirely omitted, and replaced by nineteen new ones.
There are some famous and many useful passages in anthropological
literature which might well have been included. In some of these cases,
copyright privileges conflicted; in others, the fact of being written in
a foreign language. In still other instances, articles have been omitted
because they were essentially interpretative or controversial, assuming
the facts as known, instead of presenting them. Passages have been
included with whose conclusions the editors do not agree: Galton's on
race worth, for instance. In all such instances, however, the author has
presented evidence for his case. It is for the reader to analyze his inter-
pretation and accept or reject it. Thus, contrary inferences can be and
have been drawn, as to the native or foreign origin of American Indian
culture, from the articles on the one hand of Nordenskiold, Spinden,
viii Preface
and Waterman, and on the other, of Tylor and Rivers. Our aim has
been to present material not as it favors one or the other view but as it
lends itself to understanding of problem and method of attack.
That the passages dealing with America about balance in number
those from the other continents combined, is not the outcome of the
editors' choice, nor, they hope, of any provinciality. English'ethnog-
raphers mostly publish in copyright books; their American colleagues
more often publish in monographs in the series issued by scientific insti-
tutions. Beyond that, it is easier to assemble ten selections, usable in a
worklike this one, dealing with Oceania, than five dealing with Africa.
We do not know why.
Nothing has been included here which is available in W. I. Thomas'
Source Book forSocial Origins. The two works differ much more than
their titles suggest. Thomas' range is wholly within the social field, his
A
emphasis often on society, the implied interest psychological. third
of our volume is concerned with biological, the remainder with cultural
anthropology.
The editors have not tried to make this volume cover systematically
all the principal facts of anthropology, though they have tried to give
some representation to nearly every major subject in anthropological
science. They have included no passages purely definitional, concerned
with theory alone, or wholly conceptual. Every selection admitted, they
trust, has an explicit or implicit bearing on some significant principle
or idea. But it always approaches this principle or idea through the
medium of concrete fact.
A. L. Kroeber
T. T. Waterman
September 3, 1930
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