Sour Gas and Related Technologies

285 Pages·2016·6.06 MB·English

by  Ying (Alice) Wu

Sour Gas and Related Technologies
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Sour Gas and Related
Technologies
Edited by
Ying (Alice) Wu
Sphere Technology Connection, Canada
John J. Carroll
Gas Liquids Engineering, Canada
and
Weiyao Zhu
University of Science & Technology
Beijing, China
Scrivener
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Contents
Preface xiii
Introduction xiv
Part 1: Data: Experiments and Correlation
1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements for Acid Gas
at High Pressures and Temperatures 3
Francis Bernard, Robert A. Marriott, and Binod R. Girt
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Experimental 6
1.3 Recent Results and Modelling 10
1.3.1 Partitioning of Hydrogen Sulfide
(H S Solubility in Water) 11
2
1.3.2 Partitioning of Water (Water Content in H S) 15
2
1.3.3 Discussion of Results 16
1.4 Conclusions 19
References 19
2. Comparative Study on Gas Deviation Factor Calculating
Models for C0 Rich Gas Reservoirs 21
2
Nan Zhang, Xiao Guo, Qiang Zhang, Rentian Yan,
and Yan Ran
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Deviation Factor Correlations 22
2.2.1 Empirical Formulas 23
2.2.1.1 Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinsion
(DPR) Model 23
2.2.1.2 Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem (DAK)
Model 24
2.2.1.3 Hall-Yarborough (HY) Model 24
vi CONTENTS
2.2.1.4 Beggs and Brill (BB) Model 25
2.2.1.5 Sarem Model 25
2.2.1.6 Papay Model 25
2.2.1.7 Li Xiangfang (LXF) Model 25
2.2.1.8 Zhang Guodong Model 26
2.2.2 Correction Methods 26
2.2.2.1 Guo Xuqiang Method 27
2.2.2.2 Carr-Kobayshi-Burrows Correction
Method 27
2.2.2.3 Wiehert-Aziz Correction Method 27
2.3 Model Optimization 28
2.4 Conclusions 34
References 35
3. H S Viscosities and Densities at High-Temperatures
2
and Pressures 37
Binod R. Girt, Robert A. Marriott, and Pierre Blais
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Experimental 39
3.3 Results and Discussion 41
3.4 Conclusions and Outlook 46
3.5 Acknowledgement 47
References 47
4. Solubility of Methane in Propylene Carbonate 49
Fang-Yuan ]ou, KurtA.G. Schmidt, and Alan E. Mather
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Results and Discussion 50
4.3 Nomenclature 54
4.4 Acknowledgement 54
References 54
Part 2: Process
5. A Holistic Look at Gas Treating Simulation 59
Nathan A. Hatcher, R. Scott Alvis,
and Ralph H. Wetland
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Clean Versus Dirty Solvents: Heat
Stable Salts 61
CONTENTS Vll
5.2.1 C0 Removal Using MEA, and
2
MDE A Promoted With Piperazine 67
5.2.2 Piperazine-promoted MDEA in an
Ammonia Plant 68
5.2.3 Post-combustion C0 Capture 70
2
5.2.4 LNG Absorber 74
5.3 Summary 77
6. Controlled Freeze Zone™ Commercial Demonstration
Plant Advances Technology for the Commercialization
of North American Sour Gas Resources 79
R.H. Oelfke, R.D. Oenton, and J.A. Valencia
6.1 Introduction - Gas Demand
and Sour Gas Challenges 80
6.2 Acid Gas Injection 80
6.3 Controlled Freeze Zone™ — Single Step
Removal of C0 and H S 81
2 2
6.4 Development Scenarios Suitable for Utilizing CFZ™
Technology 84
6.5 Commercial Demonstration Plant Design
& Initial Performance Data 86
6.6 Conclusions and Forward Plans 89
Bibliography 89
7. Acid Gas Dehydration - A DexPro™ Technology
Update 91
Jim Maddocks, Wayne McKay, and Vaughn Hansen
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Necessity of Dehydration 92
7.3 Dehydration Criteria 94
7.4 Acid Gas - Water Phase Behaviour 96
7.5 Conventional Dehydration Methods 99
7.5.1 Desiccant Adsorption 100
7.5.2 Desiccant Absorption 100
7.5.3 Separation Based Processes 103
7.5.4 Avoidance Based Processes 103
7.5.5 Thermodynamic/Refrigerative Based
Processes 103
7.6 Development of DexPro 107
7.7 DexPro Operating Update 112
7.8 DexPro Next Steps 113
viii CONTENTS
7.9 Murphy Tupper - 2012 Update 113
7.10 Acknowledgements 115
8. A Look at Solid C0 Formation in Several High C0
2 2
Concentration Depressuring Scenarios 117
James van der Lee, John J. Carroll, and Marco Satyro
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Methodology 118
8.3 Thermodynamic Property Package Description 118
8.4 Model Configuration 119
8.5 Results 121
8.6 Discussion 124
8.6.1 20 bar 124
8.6.1.1 Vapour Blow Down 124
8.6.1.2 Liquid Blow Down 125
8.6.2 40 bar 125
8.6.2.1 Vapour Blow Down 125
8.6.2.2 Liquid Blow Down 125
8.6.3 60 bar 125
8.6.3.1 Vapour Blow Down 125
8.6.3.2 Liquid Blow Down 127
8.7 Conclusions 127
References 128
Part 3: Acid Gas Injection
9. Potential Sites and Early Opportunities of Acid Gas
Re-injection in China 131
Qi Li, Xiaochun Li, Lei Du, Guizhen Liu, Xuehao Liu,
Ning Wei
9.1 Introduction 132
9.2 Potential Storage Capacity for CCS 134
9.3 Emission Sources of Acid Gases 134
9.4 Distribution of High H S Bearing Gas Field 135
2
9.5 Systematic Screening of Potential Sites 136
9.6 Early Deployment Opportunities of AGI 137
9.7 Conclusions 139
9.8 Acknowledgements 140
References 140
CONTENTS ix
10. Acid Gas Injection for a Waste Stream with Heavy
Hydrocarbons and Mercaptans 143
Xingyuan Zhao, John J. Carroll, and Ying Wu
10.1 Basis 143
10.2 Phase Envelope 144
10.3 Water Content 146
10.4 Hydrates 147
10.5 Dehydration and Compression 149
10.6 Discussion 151
10.7 Conclusion 151
References 152
11. Compression of Acid Gas and C0 with Reciprocating
2
Compressors and Diaphragm Pumps for Storage and
Enhanced Oil Recovery 153
Anke Braun, Josef Jarosch, Rainer Diibi, and Luzi Valär
11.1 Conclusion 163
References 164
12. Investigation of the Use of Choke Valves in Acid Gas
Compression 165
James van der Lee, and Edward Wiehert
12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Water Content Behaviour of Acid Gas 167
12.3 Test Cases to Ascertain the Effect of
Choke Valves 169
12.4 TestCasel:20%H S,78%CO and2%C 170
2 2 1
12.5 TestCase2:50%H S,48%CO and2%C 173
2 2 1
12.6 Test Case 3: 80% H S, 18% C0 and 2% C 175
2 2 1
12.7 Conclusions 180
13. The Kinetics of H S Oxidation by Trace 0 and Prediction
2 2
of Sulfur Deposition in Acid Gas Compression Systems 183
N. I. Dowling, R. A. Marriott, A. Primak, and S. Manley
13.1 Introduction 184
13.2 Experimental 185
13.3 Experimental Results and
Calculation Methods 186