sound and ultrasound source direction of arrival estimation

136 Pages·2010·3.73 MB·English

SOUND AND ULTRASOUND SOURCE DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION
AND LOCALIZATION

BY

VITALIY KUNIN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
in the Graduate College of the
Illinois Institute of Technology

Approved _________________________
Adviser

Chicago, Illinois
December 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Jafar Saniie for
encouraging and challenging me and for providing a great learning experience over the
course of my undergraduate and graduate education. I would also like to thank my
research lab colleagues and friends, Marcos, Alireza, Richard, and Vijay, for all the
technical advice they have given me throughout my graduate work.
I would like to express my gratitude to my family for all the support they provided
over the many years of education. I would like to thank my father, Vladimir, whose
technical expertise and assistance was a great help in many parts of this work. I would
like to thank my mother, Svetlana for her support and encouragement during all of my
education. I would also like to thank my sister, Alina, and brother in-law, Dmitriy, for
their support and encouragement.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives and Contributions .................................................... 3
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................... 4
2.1 2D DOAE .................................................................................. 6
2.2 3D DOAE .................................................................................. 10
2.3 2D Localization ......................................................................... 13
2.4 3D Localization ......................................................................... 17
2.5 Ultrasound DOAE and Localization ......................................... 23
2.6 DOAE and Localization Restrictions and Considerations ........ 24
2.7 Matched Filters ......................................................................... 27
3. MICROPHONE ARRAY DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM .............. 30
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 30
3.2 CAPTAN Architecture ............................................................. 32
3.3 Node Processing and Control Board (NPCB) ........................... 39
3.4 Gigabit Ethernet Link (GEL) Board ......................................... 42
3.5 Acoustic MEMS Array (AMA) ................................................ 44
3.6 Restrictions and Considerations ................................................ 49
3.7 Advantages ................................................................................ 51
4. GENERAL DATA ACQUISITION AND GENERATION .................. 53
4.1 Oscilloscope Based Data Acquisition ....................................... 53
4.2 Arbitrary Waveform Based Data Generation ........................... 59
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5. ACOUSTIC CHAMBER, MEASUREMENT MOUNT AND
SENSOR ARRAY TEST STAND ........................................................ 64
5.1 Acoustic Chamber ..................................................................... 64
5.2 Measurement Mount ................................................................. 72
5.3 Sensor Array Test Stand ........................................................... 74
6. AUXILIARY CIRCUITS AND SENSORS .......................................... 78
6.1 Auxiliary Circuits ..................................................................... 78
6.2 Sensors ...................................................................................... 80
7. EXPERIMENTS .................................................................................... 83
7.1 Sound Source Direction of Arrival Estimation (DOAE) .......... 83
7.2 Ultrasound Matched Filter ......................................................... 94
7.3 Ultrasound Object Imaging in Air .............................................. 105
7.4 Ultrasound Localization .............................................................. 108
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................ 115
8.1 Conclusion ............................................................................. 115
8.2 Future Work ........................................................................... 118
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 120

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
7.1 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 1, Outer Microphones Results ............ 87

7.2 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 1, Inner Microphones Results ............. 87

7.3 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 2, Outer Microphones Results ............ 88

7.4 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 2, Inner Microphones Results ............. 89

7.5 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 3 Results .............................................. 91

7.6 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 4 Results .............................................. 93

7.7 Volleyball Image Shadow Power Levels .......................................................... 107

7.8 Distances between the Receivers and the Transmitter for the 2D Setup ......... 110

7.9 Distances Corresponding to the TDOA Information for the 2D Setup ........... 110

7.10 Transmitter Coordinates Based on Distances for the 2D Setup ..................... 111

7.11 Transmitter Coordinates Based on TDOA for the 2D Setup ......................... 111

7.12 Distances between the Receivers and the Transmitter for the 3D Setup ....... 113

7.13 Distances Corresponding to the TDOA Information for the 3D Setup ......... 113

7.14 Transmitter Coordinates Based on Distances for the 3D Setup ..................... 114

7.15 Transmitter Coordinates Based on TDOA for the 3D Setup .......................... 114

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 DOA Geometry Top View ............................................................................... 6

2.2 DOA Far-Field Model ...................................................................................... 7

2.3 DOA Near-Field Model ................................................................................... 9

2.4 DOA Geometry Isometric View ...................................................................... 11

2.5 3D DOA Using 3 Receivers ............................................................................. 12

2.6 3D DOA Using 4 Receivers ............................................................................. 13

2.7 2D Localization Geometry Type 1 .................................................................. 14

2.8 2D Localization Geometry Type 2 .................................................................. 16

2.9 3D Localization Using Three Receivers Type 1 ............................................... 18

2.10 3D Localization Using Three Receivers Type 2 ............................................. 20

2.11 3D Localization Using Four Receivers .......................................................... 20

2.12 3D Localization Using Five Receivers .......................................................... 22

2.13 Spatial Aliasing Illustration ........................................................................... 25

2.14 Closed Form Solution Example ..................................................................... 27

2.15 No Closed Form Solution Examples .............................................................. 27

2.16 Matched Filter Template Sample ................................................................... 28

2.17 Matched Filter Template Sample with AWGN ............................................. 29

3.1 Picture of the Microphone Array Data Acquisition System ............................ 31

3.2 Functional Block Diagram of the Microphone
Array Data Acquisition System ....................................................................... 31

3.3 CAPTAN Electrical Vertical Bus Connector .................................................. 32

3.4 CAPTAN System Board Top Layout View ..................................................... 36
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3.5 Top View Picture of the NPCB ....................................................................... 42

3.6 GEL Board Transfer Rate Graph ..................................................................... 43

3.7 Top View Picture of the GEL Board ............................................................... 44

3.8 Top View Picture of the AMA Board .............................................................. 45

3.9 SPM0208HE5 Frequency Response ................................................................ 46

3.10 SPM0204UD5 Frequency Response .............................................................. 47

3.11 MEMS Amplification and Filtering Circuit ................................................... 48

5.1 Outside of View of the Acoustic Chamber from the Top ................................ 65

5.2 Outside of View of the Acoustic Chamber from the Side ............................... 65

5.3 Inside of View of the Acoustic Chamber from the Top ................................... 66

5.4 Inside of View of the Acoustic Chamber from the Side .................................. 66

5.5 Acoustic Chamber Floor Cushion .................................................................... 69

5.6 Acoustic Chamber Ceiling Tiles Front and Back ............................................ 69

5.7 Acoustic Chamber Side Tiles Front and Back ................................................. 70

5.8 Acoustic Foam Absorption VS. Frequency ..................................................... 71

5.9 Measurement Mount Front View ..................................................................... 73

5.10 Measurement Mount Side View .................................................................... 73

5.11 Sensor Array Test Stand Front View ............................................................. 74

5.12 Sensor Directionality ..................................................................................... 76

5.13 Sensor Array Test Stand Rear View .............................................................. 77

6.1 Auxiliary Microphone Circuit .......................................................................... 79

6.2 Auxiliary Ultrasound Sensor Circuit ............................................................... 80

6.3 125KHF25 Beam Angle versus Attenuation ................................................... 81
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6.4 125KHF25 Frequency Response ..................................................................... 81

6.5 US40KT-01 Beam Angle versus Attenuation .................................................. 82

6.6 US40KT-01 Frequency Response .................................................................... 82

7.1 Sound Source DOAE Setup ............................................................................. 84

7.2 Sample Data Collected by MEMs Microphone Array ..................................... 85

7.3 Zoomed in Data Collected by Two MEMs Microphones ................................ 85

7.4 Microphones Used ........................................................................................... 86

7.5 Reflections from Microphone Array ................................................................ 90

7.6 Sound Source DOAE Experiment Set 4 Sample Results ................................. 92

7.7 Original Matlab Signal for the First Modulation Scheme ............................... 96

7.8 Measured Output of the Transmitter for the First Modulation
Scheme ............................................................................................................. 96

7.9 Measured Received Signal for the First Modulation Scheme ......................... 97

7.10 Autocorrelation of the Transmitted Signal for the First Modulation
Scheme ............................................................................................................ 97

7.11 Cross-Correlation between the Transmitted and Received Signal for the
Modulation Scheme ........................................................................................ 98

7.12 Original Matlab Signal for the Second Modulation Scheme ......................... 99

7.13 Measured Output of the Transmitter for the Second Modulation Scheme .... 99

7.14 Measured Received Signal for the Second Modulation Scheme ................... 100

7.15 Autocorrelation of the Transmitted Signal for the Second Modulation
Scheme ........................................................................................................... 100

7.16 Cross-Correlation between the Transmitted and Received Signal for the
the Second Modulation Scheme ..................................................................... 101

7.17 Cross-Correlations between the Transmitted Signals of the Two Schemes ... 103

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7.18 Cross-Correlation between the Transmitted Signal of the First Scheme
and the Received Signal of the Second Scheme ............................................ 103

7.19 Cross-Correlation between the Transmitted Signal of the Second Scheme
and the Received Signal of the First Scheme ................................................. 104

7.20 Cross-Correlation between the Transmitted Second Scheme and a
Received Combination of the First and Second Schemes .............................. 104

7.21 Volleyball Imaging Setup .............................................................................. 106

7.22 Volleyball Imaging Shadow Raw Data .......................................................... 107

7.23 Volleyball Imaging Shadow Interpolated Data .............................................. 107

7.24 2D Ultrasound Localization Setup ................................................................. 109

7.25 3D Ultrasound Localization Setup ................................................................. 112

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