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Leland Parrish Johnson
A dissertation submitted la partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*
la the Department of Zoology* In the Graduate
College of the State University of Iowa
July* 1942
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t vliH to express my appreei&ti on
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daring the eoarae of the present investigation •
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Iiitrodaotion « • • » « * • « * • « * • 1
lieloi^* 3
Materials and Methods. « , * • * * « * S
A K©y to lo^teaee of Iowa. • • « * • • ?
^ascriptions of %©olefi- « * . * * # * 16
Dladtt&dioa • • « « • • * » • * * • * * 53
%*B8»atfy, * ......... » • • « « * + «• 55
Explanation of ?l&ure* • * , * • » * • 56
Literature 01 tod « , , , * • » * • « • 59
notes, * . * . .................« «
Introduction
fh© genus Buglena iSfcreaberg belonging to the family
Buglenidae Stein and order Buglenoidina Bloehman contains organ*
lens with the following characteristicst chloroplasta, varied
in number end shape; stigma* located anteriorly! single bifurcated
flagellum of war led length! paramylum bodies f war led In number
and shape* free in cytoplasm or attached to ehloroplasts! pellicle*
more or less plastic and usually marked with striae! gfclletf open
externally at anterior tip of organism and posteriorly into
reservoir; contractile vacuole* near reservoir into which it
open©! haematoohrome granules free in cytoplasm In red species*
$he body may be elongated* spindle-shaped* ridged or spirally
twisted and always possesses some metabolic movement* Nutrition
is phototrophle or sapreeoie* but not holosoio* Reproductions
occurs aeemally by longitudinal division of trophozoite or in
temporary cyst,
Since Bhreaberg first deseribed the genus $aglena in
1330 It has come to include approximately one hundred species and
numerous varieties* Bagienae have been collected from a variety
of habitats* for exaisple* £* acup, in fresh water (Bhrenberg* 1338)*
1* vermlforole la fcraoklah water (Carter, 1937), 1. alma la maria*
water (Wermal, 1924), £, alonaata In oold pools (Schewlakoff, 1893),
1. w t M la warm pools (Hardy, 1911), aad six species in soils
(Saadoa, 1927),
**3"*
TarioQ.fi keys have been developed for ike genus %&Lena*
%ese wiH«a by Paseher and kemmerman (19X3) and Gallon (1915) or#
the most widely used* these are inadequate for classroom use since
the structure of chleroplaets is used as the diagnostic character*
istie and the distinction often involves epeoial techniques*
Baker (1926) found the shape and arrangement of ©hloroplasts and
the presence of pyreaoids to vary at different stages in the Xlfe
eyoXe of &* agjlia barter* Preliminary experiments also show
that form* number and arrangement of ehloropiasts may change with
varying p& of the culture medium (Baker* 1926) * ^hese facts
cause one to question the advleablXiby of using the ©hXoroplasts
as a diagnostic character In the classification of the genus Buglsaa*
%e only key generally available to the catenae in
Banish is that of Walton (X9X&), which Is modeled after the one
in German hy Basohsr and hammerman (1913) • Walton Included nearly
all of the euglenae recorded of that date hut observed only about
one-half thoae which he listed* Most of the illustrations included
by Walton mere sketches rather than detailed drawings and were
copied from various authors* %«bados (X92?) * a European worker*
reported on the euglena© of Central Bnrope* &e presented excellent
drawings of thirty**one species but failed to give detailed descrip-*
tlons or present a key to those which he reported*
$he purpose of the present investigation Is to present a
key to the euglenae of Iowa that may be of general use and to
describe adequately and draw each species of Bugleaa reported*
History
El«bs (1883) credits heeuweahoek with observing JgBglsgas
Dobell (1932) quotes an original passage from leauwanhoek
{1874) who describes a Baglena which fit® the description of any of
several of the more metabolic forms. Cole (1928) quotes from Harris
(169^) original description of a ^aglena which closely resembles
ts*®fc at J L g j & i a W
Ihrenberg (1830) first described the genus %glena to include
organism® with the following characteristics* body fusiform to elon
gated fusiform or elongated cylindrical or elongated ttband~sh&pe*w
tormina ting In a more or less tail-like projections body bounded by an
elastic euticulum; most organism© very metabolic* ehloropiasts seldom
lacking* usually numerous* disc-shaped or band-shaped* pyrenoids and
haematochrome sometimes present; single flagellum extending from an
anterior notch* from the bottom of which a gullet extend© to a rounded
vesicle; reproduction by longitudinal division In either trophozoite
or in encysted stage.
Colorless %glenidae without a sti^sa were first separated
from the genus Boglena and placed in the genu© Astasia by ^hreaberg in
1838* Bojar&ia (1841) differentiated these genera only on the basis of
color* Bajardtn separated the rigid forms from the more metabolic
Buglena and placed them In the genus Fhacus. He transferred the genus
Phacus from the family %glenien® to the family ^heeoaonadien®* Phe
family .Hugleniens of Bujar&in otherwise followed closely the family
Aetasiaea of Xhreabeyg* Stein (1878) retained in the family Suglenldae
only the genus %gle»& from the Family Buglenlena of Dnjardin* Ihe family
Sfegexkida* was defined by Stein (18?©) to include the genera Saglenaf
frachelomomas* Colaeium, Biacus and Aecoglena* 50. eb© (1883) followed
botanical nomenclature and applied the family name Buglen&eeae to the
colored forme*
Bioehm&n (1888) placed the troupe in the order luglenoi&ina
and divided it Into the families Boglenina* Aetasina* and Pearanemina*
Calkins (1933) suggested placing the chi or o^hyll~b ear ing forme of the
order Aa the plant kingdom and the colorless forms in those groups of
the animal kingdom which they most resemble* fhe mechanics of species
determination would b© facilitated if suggestions by Calkins were
followed* but it does not seem advisable to discard a classification
based on natural relationships for a more artificial one*
Hall and Jahn (19S9) suggested that colorless euglenoi&s
with a stigma, bifurcated flagella and flagellar swellings b© placed
in the family Baglepidae Stein end those lacking these characteristics,
in the family Ast&siid&e Butschll* Jahn and McKibben (193?) described
3fha*felnfla. a colorless ®tigma**bearing euglenoid with bifurcated
flagellum, and proposed the new genus Ifcawkinea to include all forms
with these characteristics* Shey suggested that all colorless stigma-*
bearing euglenoids probably should be placed in their new genus*
fhls would substantiate Shrank erg* a method of differentia**
ting the genera Buglead and Astasia on the presence or absence of a
stigma rather than the presence or absence of ehloroplaets alone as
suggested by Bnj ar din*
Several notable studies have been made on Protozoa In the
United &t&te»* and of these the studies of Stokes (1888)• Conn (1905)
—5«*
and Walton (1915) should be mentioned. Stoke© (1088) listed six species
of feci ©net 3 d *u AKjUaassza# Jk smad&» Jk t o n* &. » *
and fc. tort a. Conn (1905) listed three of the same species and three
undetermined forms. Walton (1915) compiled the descriptions of thirty-*
ei^ht known species of Buglena* of which seventeen were observed by
him in the United States, and of these two were previously unde scribed*
ffi*... vlrtaip was the first record of a lagleaa from Iowa#
(Shimek, 1898). Fink (1904) reported Jh. spjrogyra in an aquarium at
Fayette, Iowa* JL deaes, and jj^u ^cup were added to the list of ^igleaa
from Iowa by Edmondson (1906). Spencer (1918) described &... vlrldJ^B.*
Mx rubra* Jg*. ^ctq.,s. lftl j|SSSd* end an unnamed species whose description
closely resembles that of flattened varieties of Mx &£&££&££&* Prescott
(1927) described ten species of Jhglena from Iowa# adding .gananinea.
Mx j w M mmXm * Mx Jk aUsiXamLa* M*. smtea* ^ Jb. »to04gg
to the previous species# Mx M Z M ^©re found by
Oerhardt (1940) in a large kettle-hole in northwest Iowa, thirteen is
the total number of Boglena reported from Iowa prior to this investi
gation*
Materials and Methods
Collections were made in pint or quart glass Jars and taken
to the laboratory where the contents of the Jars were studied immedi
ately and cheeked daily for approximately two weeks# The samples were
left in the Jar® or placed in flat evaporating dishes and compressed
air was forced through the cultures. Sparse bacterial contamination
occurred in the latter cultures and it was possible to keep them in the
laboratory indefinitely.
Observations were made on living material sad on specimens
fixed and stained with Boland•© (192$) solution* 5&e lens system used
Included 16 mm., 4mm#, and oil immersion apochrom&ttc 1*8 mm. objectives
and a 10 x ocular* All measurements were made with the aid of a cali
brated ocular micrometer, and a camera lueida was used in making all
drawings#
Material was collected from the Mississippi &iver and back
washes near Muscatine, the Cedar Biver on Highway 0* 8, Bout© #6., the
Iowa Biver at Hills, Iowa City, sad Amana colonies, the B©s Koine©
Biver and the Baeooon B|ver near Bes Moines* and the little Sioux Elver
near Milford, Iowa* Sample® were also collected fro© lake Maebride,
Clear lake, Spirit Lake, Ho tie© Lake, Lake last OkoboJ I, Silver Lake,
Lake West Ofcoboji, and connecting Beck Canal* Other sources of materials
were the Law Quarry, Lagoon, and Bark Bond of Iowa City, V/itmer Lake of
Bes Moines, and various springs, water tanks, and temporary pools in
farm yard© and along roadsides*
In the following key, each species of Baglena is numbered
according to its order of appearance in the key* Ihe ©am© number 1®
used for the complete description which follows the key and for the
figures of each species*
